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The strongly peraluminous, garnet-bearing norite–quartz jotunite–charnockite suite: products of crystal accumulation in the felsic magma reservoir

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Abstract

Fractionation of felsic magma has been critical for the formation of high-silica rhyolites, chemical differentiation of the continental crust, and enrichment of economically valuable ores. Intermediate-to-intermediate–felsic cumulate rocks have recently received considerable attention, because they contain much information on the fractionation process of felsic parental magma. Nevertheless, the petrogenesis of strongly peraluminous, mafic cumulate rocks associated with felsic rocks remains controversial due to poor outcropping. Here, an early Paleozoic garnet-bearing norite–quartz jotunite–charnockite suite (NJC suite) is identified in the Yunkai terrane, South China Block. All rock types have peraluminous mineral assemblages consisting of garnet, orthopyroxene, biotite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, and accessory minerals (ilmenite, zircon, and monazite/apatite). These minerals have different volume fractions in various rock types but share comparable geochemical compositions, which result in linear correlations on major- and trace-element diagrams. Similar and crust-derived whole-rock Sr–Nd–Hf [(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.71778–0.72389, εNd(t) = − 7.4 to − 9.3, εHf(t) = − 7.5 to − 8.5], and zircon Hf–O [εHf(t) = − 5.0 to − 13.4, δ18O = 7.85–10.09‰] isotope compositions and the presence of inherited zircons suggest a metasedimentary source for this suite. Detailed mineralogical studies of garnet, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, ilmenite, and zircon suggest a possible magmatic origin for these minerals, although the peritectic origin cannot be excluded. The compositional variation in various rock types is likely induced by crystal accumulation instead of selective restite entrainment. The cumulate origin of the NJC suite is further supported by the following features: (1) the garnet-bearing norites, quartz jotunites, and charnockites show cumulate-related microtextures defined by plagioclase, orthopyroxene, and garnet aggregation; (2) crystal size distributions (CSDs) of plagioclase and orthopyroxene in these rocks exhibit upward-deflected patterns caused by crystal accumulation; (3) the compositional disequilibrium of Mg# between orthopyroxene and whole rocks suggests that orthopyroxenes were in equilibrium with cumulates characterized by orthopyroxene accumulation; (4) temperatures recorded by ferromagnesian minerals (garnet–orthopyroxene, garnet–biotite, and orthopyroxene–biotite Fe–Mg thermometers) that are higher than the solidus temperature yielded by a two-feldspar thermometer suggests melt extraction for the Yunlu charnockite; (5) the whole-rock compositions of the NJC suite deviate from metasediment-sourced experimental melts; and (6) magmatic orthopyroxene preservation in charnockites suggests that the magma experienced melt loss and crystal accumulation before solidification. Mass balance calculations and rhyolite-MELTS modeling show that the norite, quartz jotunite, and charnockite cumulates could have formed by hindered settling coupled with gravitational compaction at crystallinities of ~ 0.2–0.25, ~ 0.30–0.35, and ≥ 0.5 respectively, from a felsic parental magma. Incomplete crystal-melt separation (controlled by different settling velocities) combined with successive crystal accumulation is responsible for the formation of cumulate rocks with various mineral proportions and comparable mineral compositions in different rock types. This study proposes a novel petrogenetic model for norites, i.e., norites could have formed by crystal accumulation of crust-derived felsic magmas without the involvement of mantle-derived mafic magma. In contrast to the mafic highly peraluminous granitoids generated by selected restite entrainment, the Yunlu NJC suite exhibits distinctive compositional characteristics governed by crystal accumulation. In this case, the crystal accumulation role must be considered for constraining the petrogenesis of the high-maficity strongly peraluminous granitoids.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41930214, 41430208). We thank the editor Mark Ghiorso and two anonymous reviewers, who with their constructive comments and suggestions helped to significantly improve this paper. We are also grateful to Dr. Rui-Qiang Wang and Dr. Ding-Sheng Jiang for fruitful discussion during the preparation of the manuscript.

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  1. State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Xi-Song Zhang, Xi-Sheng Xu & Kai Zhao

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Zhang, XS., Xu, XS. & Zhao, K. The strongly peraluminous, garnet-bearing norite–quartz jotunite–charnockite suite: products of crystal accumulation in the felsic magma reservoir. Contrib Mineral Petrol 177, 91 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01946-1

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