Abstract
Known as “Asian Water Tower”, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) contains the largest glacierized area outside the polar regions and contains more than half of China’s lakes. However, these glaciers are retreating rapidly under the influence of global warming. Many studies have attempted to explain the spatial heterogeneity of glacier retreat in the TP and its impacts on local lakes, but few studies have focused on the feedback of lakes on glaciers, especially in summer with intense lake effects and glacier ablation. Using an air-lake coupled model, the potential summer climatic impacts of the lake clusters on glacier behavior over TP are investigated based on two experiments with and without the lakes. Away from the lake-rich area of Inner TP, glaciers along the Himalayas are retreating rapidly with climate warming. The most pronounced glacier ablation occurs in southeastern TP, where TP lakes reduce snowfall. However, in the Inner TP, the influence of climate warming on glaciers is partially offset by the lakes through different lake-related mechanisms. The glaciers on the Western Nyainqentanglha Range are preserved mainly by the local cooling and snowfall-increase caused by nearby Nam Co. In turn, the numerous small lakes in the Eastern Inner TP exert a cumulative effect on preserving the glaciers through cooling and moistening the atmospheric boundary layer and thus increasing snowfall. The glaciers in the western Kunlun Mountains benefit from the large-scale impacts of the TP lakes, which intensified westerlies and lead to regional temperature decrease and snowfall increase.
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Data availability
All data sets used in this paper are publicly available. The GloboLakes LSWT v4.0 data is available at: https://data.ceda.ac.uk/neodc/globolakes/. The MODIS products and TRMM precipitation data are available at: https://earthdata.nasa.gov/. The ERA5 dataset used in this work is available at: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5. The NCEP-FNL data is available at: https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2/. The GLDBv2 dataset was obtained from the website: http://www.flake.igb-berlin.de/. The daily real-time global sea surface temperature dataset is available at: ftp://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/history/sst/rtg_low_res/.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the reviewers and the editors for their constructive comments and suggestions that improved the quality of this paper.
Funding
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42275044, 41975081), the CAS “Light of West China” Program (E129030101), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (2019QZKK0105, 2019QZKK0104), the Scientific Research Foundation of Chengdu University of Information Technology (KYTZ202126) and China Meteorological Administration Innovation and Development Project (CXFZ2021Z036). Georgiy Kirillin was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Project ID 01LP2006A) in the framework of the joint Sino-German project IceTMP “Seasonal ice cover on lakes of Qinghai-Tibet and Mongolian Plateau” and the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant KI 853/16-1).
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DS: writing-original draft preparation, software, formal analysis. LW: supervision, conceptualization, resources, funding acquisition. AH: resources and writing-review and editing. YW: data curation and writing-review and editing. XG: supervision and resources. MW: software and formal analysis. YZ: software and formal analysis. GK: supervision and writing-review and editing.
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Su, D., Wen, L., Huang, A. et al. Simulation of the potential impacts of lakes on glacier behavior over the Tibetan Plateau in summer. Clim Dyn 60, 3435–3454 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06517-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06517-5