Abstract
The influence of chlorophyll spatial patterns and variability on the tropical Pacific climate is investigated by using a fully coupled general circulation model (HadOPA) coupled to a state-of-the-art biogeochemical model (PISCES). The simulated chlorophyll concentrations can feedback onto the ocean by modifying the vertical distribution of radiant heating. This fully interactive biological-ocean-atmosphere experiment is compared to a reference experiment that uses a constant chlorophyll concentration (0.06 mg m−3). It is shown that introducing an interactive biology acts to warm the surface eastern equatorial Pacific by about 0.5°C. Two competing processes are involved in generating this warming: (a) a direct 1-D biological warming process in the top layers (0–30 m) resulting from strong chlorophyll concentrations in the upwelling region and enhanced by positive dynamical feedbacks (weaker trade winds, surface currents and upwelling) and (b) a 2-D meridional cooling process which brings cold off-equatorial anomalies from the subsurface into the equatorial mixed layer through the meridional cells. Sensitivity experiments show that the climatological horizontal structure of the chlorophyll field in the upper layers is crucial to maintain the eastern Pacific warming. Concerning the variability, introducing an interactive biology slightly reduces the strength of the seasonal cycle, with stronger SST warming and chlorophyll concentrations during the upwelling season. In addition, ENSO amplitude is slightly increased. Similar experiments performed with another coupled general circulation model (IPSL-CM4) exhibit the same behaviour as in HadOPA, hence showing the robustness of the results.
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Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge comments of E. Maier-Raimer and an anonymous reviewer that led to significant improvements in an earlier version of the manuscript. They further acknowledge IRD for support, the developers team of the HadOPA and IPSL-CM4 models and the IDRIS centre where computations were carried out. ML also likes to thank J. Slingo, A. Timmermann and F.-F. Jin for invaluable discussion on this work. ML was founded by the Marie Curie Intra-European fellowship MEIF-CT-2003-501143.
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Appendix: Description of the IPSL-CM4 coupled general circulation model
Appendix: Description of the IPSL-CM4 coupled general circulation model
The IPSL-CM4 model presently couples four components of the Earth system. LMDZ is the component for atmospheric dynamics and physics. OPA-ORCA2 is the component for ocean dynamics (same as in HadOPA and already described in Sect. 2.1). ORCHIDEE handles the land surface and LIM is the component for sea-ice dynamics and thermodynamics.
The atmospheric component of IPSL-CM4 is LMDZ-4 and has been developed at the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD). The model has a horizontal resolution of 3.75°longitude × 2.5°latitude, with 19 levels in the vertical. The dynamical part of the code is based on a finite-difference formulation of the primitive equations. In this model, the cloud cover and in-cloud water are deduced from the large scale total water and moisture at saturation, using a Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for the subgrid-scale total water, following Bony and Emmanuel (2001). The PDF moments are diagnosed interactively from the condensated water predicted by the convection scheme at the subgrid scale and from the large-scale degree of saturation of the atmosphere. Condensation is parameterized separately for convective and non-convective clouds. Moist convection is treated using a modified version of the Emanuel (1991) scheme (Grandpeix et al. 2004). A more detailed description of this atmospheric model and its climate performance can be found in Hourdin et al. (2005). This model is coupled to a land surface model (ORCHIDEE) described in Krinner et al. (2005).
The ocean component in this IPSL-CM4 CGCM is the OPA model (Madec et al. 1998, see documentation at http://www.lodyc.jussieu.fr/opa/) in its ORCA2 configuration. This model has already been described in Sect. 2.1. Contrary to HadOPA model, an interactive sea-ice model (LIM) with explicit thermodynamics and prognostically computed sea-ice cover is included in the IPSL-CM4 model. A detailed description of this sea-ice model in Fichefet and Morales Maqueda (1999).
These components have been coupled through OASIS 3 (Valcke et al. 2004). Air–sea, air–ice fluxes and SST are exchanged every day. Ocean–sea-ice are coupled every oceanic time step. Atmosphere and land surface are coupled every atmospheric time step. A full documentation of this coupled model can be found on http://dods.ipsl.jussieu.fr/omamce/IPSLCM4/DocIPSLCM4/FILES/DocIPSLCM4.pdf
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Lengaigne, M., Menkes, C., Aumont, O. et al. Influence of the oceanic biology on the tropical Pacific climate in a coupled general circulation model. Clim Dyn 28, 503–516 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0200-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0200-2