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Rhizobia modulate the peanut rhizobacterial community and soil metabolites depending on nitrogen availability

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Abstract

The rhizobial inoculation effects on the peanut rhizosphere bacterial community and metabolites were studied under different N availability following the five N application rates without rhizobial inoculation (N1–N5; 0, 40, 80, 110, 170 kg N ha−1) or with rhizobial inoculation (RN1–RN5) in a 3-year field trial. The effects of rhizobia on peanut growth, the rhizobacterial community, and root metabolites differed depending on the N availability. Plant height and nodule number were significantly increased by rhizobial inoculation, especially in RN3. Rhizobacterial abundance and richness were increased by rhizobial inoculation, except in RN1 (no N added). The number of 16S rRNA gene copies was higher in RN1–RN3 than in N1–N3 in both years. The largest number of differential bacterial genera between an inoculated treatment and its corresponding uninoculated treatment was in RN1 vs. N1. The beneficial bacteria Saccharimonadales and c_JG30-KF-CM66 (Chloroflexi) were most abundant in RN3. The concentrations of organic acids (3-methylglutaric acid, adipic acid, 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, and octenedioic acid) were significantly increased in RN3 and were positively correlated with c_JG30-KF-CM66 (Chloroflexi), soil available N, and biomass. No metabolic pathways were significantly enriched by rhizobial inoculation at the highest N application rate (RN5). These results demonstrate that rhizobia positively affect peanut growth and yield under the best N availability via their ability to reshape the soil microbiome and metabolites.

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Yuwen Jia for her assistance with field management.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project U19A2035) and by National Key Research & Development Program of China (2022YFD1500705-03).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China

    Rui Wang, Bin Huo, La Chen, Keke Li & Xinhua Sui

  2. The Key Laboratory of Functional Aquafeed and Culture Environment Control, Fujian DBN Aquatic Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, 363500, China

    Rui Wang & Ganfeng Yi

  3. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D. F., 11340, México

    Entao Wang

  4. Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China

    Guohua Mi

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Xinhua Sui designed the study. Rui Wang and Bin Huo performed the experiments. La Chen and Keke Li gave suggestions to analyze the data. Rui Wang analyzed the data and prepared the figures and tables. Rui Wang, Entao Wang, and Xinhua Sui wrote the manuscript. Ganfeng Yi and Guohua Mi provided resources. All authors read and approved the paper.

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Wang, R., Huo, B., Chen, L. et al. Rhizobia modulate the peanut rhizobacterial community and soil metabolites depending on nitrogen availability. Biol Fertil Soils 59, 887–900 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-023-01757-x

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