Abstract
Biochar has been widely recommended as an effective soil amendment for reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrogen (N) leaching. However, the effects of biochar application to Lei bamboo plantations on soil N2O emissions and N leaching remain unclear. These effects on soil N2O emissions and N leaching were investigated in the present study using five treatments applied with the same amount of N: rice husk at 10 t ha−1 (10H) and 30 t ha−1 (30H), biochar at 10 t ha−1 (10B) and 30 t ha−1 (30B), and no additions (control, CK). Both the 10H and 30H treatments significantly increased cumulative N2O emissions compared to the CK treatment, with an increment of 0.78 and 2.20 kg N ha−1, respectively. The 30B treatment significantly reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 0.90 kg N ha−1, whereas the 10B treatment had no significant effect. The reduction in N2O emissions following the high-rate biochar addition was probably due to the increased pH and the total abundance of nosZ I and nosZ II genes. The 30H treatment significantly increased nitrate N (NO3−–N) and dissolved organic N (DON) leaching by 38% and 170% respectively compared to the CK treatment, and had the largest N loss via N2O emissions and N leaching, while the 30B treatment had the lowest N loss. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that soil chemical properties [ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N), NO3−–N, DON, dissolved organic C (DOC), total N (TN), soil organic C (SOC), and pH] dominantly affected soil N2O emissions, while the total abundance of denitrifying genes (nirS, nirK, nosZ I, and nosZ II) were the key factors involved in reducing NO3−–N leaching. There was a strong positive correlation between cumulative N2O emissions and N leaching loss, which may be related to excessive N surplus in the soil. Our results suggest that the replacement of rice husk by its biochar at a high-rate would reduce the risk of N2O emissions and N leaching loss effectively from Lei bamboo forests in subtropical China.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Baggs EM, Stevenson M, Pihlatie M, Regar A, Cook H, Cadisch G (2003) Nitrous oxide emissions following application of residues and fertiliser under zero and conventional tillage. Plant Soil 254:361–370. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025593121839
Brassard P, Godbout S, Palacios JH, Jeanne T, Hogue R, Dube P, Limousy L, Raghavan V (2018) Effect of six engineered biochars on GHG emissions from two agricultural soils: A short-term incubation study. Geoderma 327:73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.04.022
Cai Y, Akiyama H (2016) Nitrogen loss factors of nitrogen trace gas emissions and leaching from excreta patches in grassland ecosystems: A summary of available data. Sci Total Environ 572:185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.222
Cayuela ML, van Zwieten L, Singh BP, Jeffery S, Roig A, Sanchez-Monedero MA (2014) Biochar’s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions: A review and meta-analysis. Agric Ecosyst Environ 191:5–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.009
Chapman PJ, Williams BL, Hawkins A (2001) Influence of temperature and vegetation cover on soluble inorganic and organic nitrogen in a spodosol. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1113–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(01)00017-7
Chen P, Liu Y, Mo C, Jiang Z, Yang J, Lin J (2021a) Microbial mechanism of biochar addition on nitrogen leaching and retention in tea soils from different plantation ages. Sci Total Environ 757:143817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143817
Chen X, Yang SH, Jiang ZW, Ding J, Sun X (2021b) Biochar as a tool to reduce environmental impacts of nitrogen loss in water-saving irrigation paddy field. J Clean Prod 290:125811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125811
Chen H, Rosinger C, Blagodatsky S, Reichel R, Li B, Kumar A, Rothardt S, Luo J, Brueggemann N, Kage H, Bonkowski M (2023) Straw amendment and nitrification inhibitor controlling N losses and immobilization in a soil cooling-warming experiment. Sci Total Environ 870:162007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162007
Cheng W (2009) Rhizosphere priming effect: Its functional relationships with microbial turnover, evapotranspiration, and C-N budgets. Soil Biol Biochem 41:1795–1801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.04.018
Cornelissen G, Rutherford DW, Arp HPH, Dorsch P, Kelly CN, Rostad CE (2013) Sorption of Pure N2O to Biochars and Other Organic and Inorganic Materials under Anhydrous Conditions. Environ Sci Technol 47:7704–7712. https://doi.org/10.1021/es400676q
Craswell ET, Chalk PM, Kaudal BB (2021) Role of 15N in tracing biologically driven nitrogen dynamics in soils amended with biochar: A review. Soil Biol Biochem 162:108416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108416
Cui X, Hao H, Zhang C, He Z, Yang X (2016) Capacity and mechanisms of ammonium and cadmium sorption on different wetland-plant derived biochars. Sci Total Environ 539:566–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.022
Cui P, Chen Z, Zhao Q, Yu Z, Yi Z, Liao H, Zhou S (2019) Hyperthermophilic composting significantly decreases N2O emissions by regulating N2O-related functional genes. Bioresour Technol 272:433–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.044
Demiraj E, Libuttin A, Malltezi J, Rroço E, Brahushi F, Monteleone M, Sulçe S (2018) Effect of organic amendments on nitrate leaching mitigation in a sandy loam soil of Shkodra district, Albania. Ital J Agron 13:93–102. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2018.1136
Ding Y, Liu Y, Wu W, Shi D, Yang M, Zhong Z (2010) Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns. Water Air Soil Pollut 213:47–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0366-4
Ding Y, Zhu S, Pan R, Bu J, Liu Y, Ding A (2022) Effects of Rice Husk Biochar on Nitrogen Leaching from Vegetable Soils by N-15 Tracing Approach. Water 14:3563. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213563
El-Naggar A, Lee SS, Rinklebe J, Farooq M, Song H, Sarmah AK, Zimmerman AR, Ahmad M, Shaheen SM, Ok YS (2019) Biochar application to low fertility soils: A review of current status, and future prospects. Geoderma 337:536–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.034
Feng Y, Yang X, Singh BP, Mandal S, Guo J, Che L, Wang H (2020) Effects of contrasting biochars on the leaching of inorganic nitrogen from soil. J Soils Sed 20:3017–3026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02369-5
Feng W, Yang F, Cen R, Liu J, Qu Z, Miao Q, Chen H (2021) Effects of straw biochar application on soil temperature, available nitrogen and growth of corn. J Environ Manag 277:111331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111331
Gai X, Li S, Zhang X, Bian F, Yang C, Zhong Z (2021) Changes in soil phosphorus availability and associated microbial properties after chicken farming in Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) forest ecosystems. Land Degrad Dev 32:3008–3022. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3963
Gong X, Li J, Chang SX, Wu Q, An Z, Huang C, Sun X, Li S, Wang H (2022) Cattle manure biochar and earthworm interactively affected CO2 and N2O emissions in agricultural and forest soils: Observation of a distinct difference. Front Environ Sci Eng 16:39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-021-1473-8
Hansen S, Frøseth RB, Stenberg M, Stalenga J, Olesen JE, Krauss M, Radzikowski P, Doltra J, Nadeem S, Torp T, Pappa V, Watson CA (2019) Reviews and syntheses: Review of causes and sources of N2O emissions and NO3 leaching from organic arable crop rotations. Biogeosciences 16:2795–2819. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2795-2019
Harter J, Krause HM, Schuettler S, Ruser R, Fromme M, Scholten T, Kappler A, Behrens S (2014) Linking N2O emissions from biochar-amended soil to the structure and function of the N-cycling microbial community. ISME J 8:660–674. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.160
Hawthorne I, Johnson MS, Jassal RS, Black TA, Grant NJ, Smukler SM (2017) Application of biochar and nitrogen influences fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O in a forest soil. J Environ Manag 192:203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.066
Hu Y, Wu F, Zeng D, Chang SX (2014) Wheat straw and its biochar had contrasting effects on soil C and N cycling two growing seasons after addition to a black chernozemic soil planted to barley. Biol Fert Soils 50:1291–1299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-014-0943-6
Huang R, Wang Y, Liu J, Li J, Xu G, Luo M, Xu C, Ci E, Gao M (2019) Variation in N2O emission and N2O related microbial functional genes in straw- and biochar-amended and non-amended soils. Appl Soil Ecol 137:57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.01.010
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. In: Core WritingTeam, Pachauri RK, Meyer LA (eds) Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, Geneva
Jia X, Shao L, Liu P, Zhao B, Gu L, Dong S, Bing SH, Zhang J, Zhao B (2014) Effect of different nitrogen and irrigation treatments on yield and nitrate leaching of summer maize (Zea mays L.) under lysimeter conditions. Agric Water Manag 137:92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.02.010
Kalu S, Oyekoya GN, Ambus P, Tammeorg P, Simojoki A, Pihlatie M, Karhu K (2021) Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen-a N15 tracing study. Biol Fert Soils 57:457–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-020-01534-0
Kameyama K, Miyamoto T, Shiono T, Shinogi Y (2012) Influence of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar application on nitrate Leaching in Calcaric Dark Red Soil. J Environ Qual 41:1131–1137. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0453
Kool DM, Dolfing J, Wrage N, Van Groenigen JW (2011) Nitrifier denitrification as a distinct and significant source of nitrous oxide from soil. Soil Biol Biochem 43:174–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.030
Kravchenko AN, Toosi ER, Guber AK, Ostrom NE, Yu J, Azeem K, Rivers ML, Robertson GP (2017) Hotspots of soil N2O emission enhanced through water absorption by plant residue. Nature Geosci 10:496–500. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2963
Lehtinen T, Schlatter N, Baumgarten A, Bechini L, Krueger J, Grignani C, Zavattaro L, Costamagna C, Spiegel H (2014) Effect of crop residue incorporation on soil organic carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in European agricultural soils. Soil Use Manag 30:524–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12151
Lei Z, Li Q, Song X, Wang W, Zhang Z, Peng C, Tian L (2018) Biochar mitigates dissolved organic carbon loss but does not affect dissolved organic nitrogen leaching loss caused by nitrogen deposition in Moso bamboo plantations. Glob Ecol Conserv 16:e00494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00494
Li CS, Frolking S, Butterbach-Bahl K (2005) Carbon sequestration in arable soils is likely to increase nitrous oxide emissions, offsetting reductions in climate radiative forcing. Clim Change 72:321–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-6791-5
Li Q, Li P, Zhu P, Wu J, Liang S (2008) Effects of Exogenous Organic Carbon Substrates on Nitrous Oxide Emissions during the Denitrification Process of Sequence Batch Reactors. Environ Eng Sci 25:1221–1228. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2007.0172
Li H, Li K, Zhang X (2016) Performance Evaluation of Grassed Swales for Stormwater Pollution Control. Proc Eng 154:898–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.481
Li Y, Li Y, Chang SX, Yang Y, Fu S, Jiang P, Luo Y, Yang M, Chen Z, Hu S, Zhao M, Liang X, Xu Q, Zhou G, Zhou J (2018) Biochar reduces soil heterotrophic respiration in a subtropical plantation through increasing soil organic carbon recalcitrancy and decreasing carbon degrading microbial activity. Soil Biol Biochem 122:173–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.04.019
Liao X, Niu Y, Liu D, Chen Z, He T, Luo J, Lindsey S, Ding W (2020) Four-year continuous residual effects of biochar application to a sandy loam soil on crop yield and N2O and NO emissions under maize-wheat rotation. Agric Ecosyst Environ 302:107109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107109
Liao X, Muller C, Jansen WA, Luo J, Lindsey S, Liu D, Chen Z, Niu Y, Ding W (2021) Field-aged biochar decreased N2O emissions by reducing autotrophic nitrification in a sandy loam soil. Biol Fert Soils 57:471–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-021-01542-8
Liao X, Mao S, Chen Y, Zhang J, Muller C, Malghani S (2022) Combined effects of biochar and biogas slurry on soil nitrogen transformation rates and N2O emission in a subtropical poplar plantation. Sci Total Environ 848:157766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157766
Liu M, Liu J, Jiang C, Wu M, Song R, Gui R, Jia J, Li Z (2017a) Improved nutrient status affects soil microbial biomass, respiration, and functional diversity in a Lei bamboo plantation under intensive management. J Soils Sed 17:917–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1603-2
Liu Z, He T, Cao T, Yang T, Meng J, Chen W (2017) Effects of biochar application on nitrogen leaching, ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency in two distinct soils. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 17:515–528. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017005000037
Liu Y, Zhou G, Du H, Berninger F, Mao F, Li X, Chen L, Cui L, Li Y, De Zhu XuL (2018) Response of carbon uptake to abiotic and biotic drivers in an intensively managed Lei bamboo forest. J Environ Manag 223:713–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.046
Liu Q, Liu B, Zhang Y, Hu T, Lin Z, Liu G, Wang X, Ma J, Wang H, Jin H, Ambus P, Amonette JE, Xie Z (2019) Biochar application as a tool to decrease soil nitrogen losses (NH3 volatilization, N2O emissions, and N leaching) from croplands: Options and mitigation strength in a global perspective. Glob Chang Biol 25:2077–2093. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14613
Lu X, Li Y, Wang H, Singh BP, Hu S, Luo Y, Li J, Xiao Y, Cai X, Li Y (2019) Responses of soil greenhouse gas emissions to different application rates of biochar in a subtropical Chinese chestnut plantation. Agric for Meteorol 271:168–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.03.001
Mandal S, Sarkar B, Bolan N, Novak J, Ok YS, Van Zwieten L, Singh BP, Kirkham MB, Choppala G, Spokas K, Naidu R (2016) Designing advanced biochar products for maximizing greenhouse gas mitigation potential. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 46:1367–1401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2016.1239975
Pan B, Xia L, Wang E, Zhang Y, Mosier A, Chen D, Lam SK (2022) A global synthesis of soil denitrification: Driving factors and mitigation strategies. Agric Ecosyst Environ 327:107850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107850
Partovi Z, Ramezani Etedali H, Kaviani A (2021) Effects of applying biochar and straw on nitrate leaching and maize yield production. Water Environ J 00:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12684
Pokharel P, Kwak JH, Ok YS, Chang SX (2018) Pine sawdust biochar reduces GHG emission by decreasingmicrobial and enzyme activities in forest and grassland soils in a laboratory experiment. Sci Total Environ 625:1247–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.343
Rajapaksha AU, Ok YS, Ali E-N, Kim H, Song F, Kang S, Tsang YF (2019) Dissolved organic matter characterization of biochars produced from different feedstock materials. J Environ Manag 233:393–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.069
Rubasinghege G, Spak SN, Stanier CO, Carmichael GR, Grassian VH (2011) Abiotic Mechanism for the Formation of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide from Ammonium Nitrate. Environ Sci Technol 45:2691–2697. https://doi.org/10.1021/es103295v
Song XT, Wei HH, Rees RM, Ju XT (2022) Soil oxygen depletion and corresponding nitrous oxide production at hot moments in an agricultural soil. Environ Pollut 292:118345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118345
Spokas KA, Koskinen WC, Baker JM, Reicosky DC (2009) Impacts of woodchip biochar additions on greenhouse gas production and sorption/degradation of two herbicides in a Minnesota soil. Chemosphere 77:574–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.053
Ventura M, Sorrenti G, Panzacchi P, George E, Tonon G (2013) Biochar Reduces Short-Term Nitrate Leaching from A Horizon in an Apple Orchard. J Environ Qual 42:76–82. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0250
Wang K, Zheng X, Pihlatie M, Vesala T, Liu C, Haapanala S, Mammarella I, Rannik U, Liu H (2013) Comparison between static chamber and tunable diode laser-based eddy covariance techniques for measuring nitrous oxide fluxes from a cotton field. Agric for Meteorol 171:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.009
Wolf I, Brumme R (2002) Contribution of nitrification and denitrification sources for seasonal N2O emissions in an acid German forest soil. Soil Biol Biochem 34:741–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00001-9
Xiao Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Jiang P, Zhou G, Liu j, (2016) Effects of bamboo leaves and their biochar additions on soil N2O flux in a Chinese chestnut forest. J Plant Nutr Fertilizer 22:697–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-014-0933-8
Xu X, Ouyang X, Gu Y, Cheng K, Smith P, Sun J, Li Y, Pan G (2021) Climate change may interact with nitrogen fertilizer management leading to different ammonia loss in China’s croplands. Glob Chang Biol 27:6525–6535. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15874
Yuan H, Zhang Z, Li M, Clough T, Wrage-Moennig N, Qin S, Ge T, Liao H, Zhou S (2019) Biochar’s role as an electron shuttle for mediating soil N2O emissions. Soil Biol Biochem 133:94–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.03.002
Zhan Y, Xie J, Yao Z, Wang R, He X, Wang Y, Zheng X (2021) Characteristics of annual N2O and NO fluxes from Chinese urban turfgrasses. Environ Pollut 290:118017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118017
Zhang W, Mo J, Yu G, Fang Y, Li D, Lu X, Wang H (2008) Emissions of nitrous oxide from three tropical forests in Southern China in response to simulated nitrogen deposition. Plant Soil 306:221–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9575-7
Zhang H, Voroney RP, Price GW (2015) Effects of temperature and processing conditions on biochar chemical properties and their influence on soil C and N transformations. Soil Biol Biochem 83:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.01.006
Zhang K, Zhu Q, Liu J, Wang M, Zhou X, Li M, Wang K, Ding J, Peng C (2019a) Spatial and temporal variations of N2O emissions from global forest and grassland ecosystems. Agric for Meteorol 266:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.12.011
Zhang X, Zhong Z, Bian F, Yang C (2019b) Effects of composted bamboo residue amendments on soil microbial communities in an intensively managed bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) plantation. Appl Soil Ecol 136:178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.12.025
Zhang B, Penton CR, Yu Z, Xue C, Chen Q, Chen Z, Yan C, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Quensen JF, Tiedje JM (2021a) A new primer set for Clade I nosZ that recovers genes from a broader range of taxa. Biol Fert Soils 57:523–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-021-01544-6
Zhang C, Huang X, Zhang X, Wan L, Wang Z (2021b) Effects of biochar application on soil nitrogen and phosphorous leaching loss and oil peony growth. Agr Water Manage 255:107022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107022
Zhang S, Fang Y, Kawasaki A, Tavakkoli E, Cai Y, Wang H, Ge T, Zhou J, Yu B, Li Y (2023) Biochar significantly reduced nutrient-induced positive priming in a subtropical forest soil. Biol Fert Soils. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-023-01723-7
Zhao X, Wang S, Xing G (2014) Nitrification, acidification, and nitrogen leaching from subtropical cropland soils as affected by rice straw-based biochar: laboratory incubation and column leaching studies. J Soils Sed 14:471–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0803-2
Zheng X, Mei B, Wang Y, Xie B, Dong H, Xu H, Chen G, Cai Z, Yue J, Gu J, Su F, Zou J, Zhu J (2008) Quantification of N2O fluxes from soil-plant systems may be biased by the applied gas chromatograph methodology. Plant Soil 311:211–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9673-6
Zheng X, Xu W, Dong J, Yang T, Shangguan Z, Qu J, Li X, Tan X (2022) The effects of biochar and its applications in the microbial remediation of contaminated soil: A review. J Hazard Mater 438:129557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129557
Zhou M, Zhu B, Butterbach-Bahl K, Zheng X, Wang T, Wang Y (2013) Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching from a rain-fed wheat-maize rotation in the Sichuan Basin, China. Plant Soil 362:149–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1269-5
Zhou R, Ali E-N, Li Y, Cai Y, Chang SX (2021) Converting rice husk to biochar reduces bamboo soil N2O emissions under different forms and rates of nitrogen additions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:28777–28788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12744-w
Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFE0127800), the Leading Goose Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (2023C02035), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42277286, 42177199), and the Research and Development Fund of Zhejiang A&F University (2018FR005, 2018FR006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, R., Chen, Z., EI-Naggar, A. et al. Contrasting effects of rice husk and its biochar on N2O emissions and nitrogen leaching from Lei bamboo soils under subtropical conditions. Biol Fertil Soils 59, 803–817 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-023-01753-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-023-01753-1