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The cold but not hard fats in ectotherms: consequences of lipid restructuring on susceptibility of biological membranes to peroxidation, a review

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Abstract

The production of reactive oxygen species is a regular feature of life in the presence of oxygen. Some reactive oxygen species possess sufficient energy to initiate lipid peroxidation in biological membranes, self-propagating reactions with the potential to damage membranes by altering their physical properties and ultimately their function. Two of the most prominent patterns of lipid restructuring in membranes of ectotherms involve contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ratios of the abundant phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Since polyunsaturated fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine are particularly vulnerable to oxidation, it is likely that higher contents of these lipids at low body temperature elevate the inherent susceptibility of membranes to lipid peroxidation. Although membranes from animals living at low body temperatures may be more prone to oxidation, the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation are sensitive to temperature. These scenarios raise the possibility that membrane susceptibility to lipid peroxidation is conserved at physiological temperatures. Reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine may protect membranes at warm temperatures from deleterious oxidations when rates of reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation are relatively high. At low temperatures, enhanced susceptibility may ensure sufficient lipid peroxidation for cellular processes that require lipid oxidation products.

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Abbreviations

ChOOH:

Cholesterol hydroperoxide

CoQ:

Ubiquinone or coenzyme Q

GPx1:

Classic glutathione peroxidase

GPx4:

Glutathione peroxidase 4

LOOH:

Lipid hydroperoxide

LOX:

Lipoxygenase

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamine

PLA2 :

Phospholipase A2

PLOOH:

Phospholipid hydroperoxide

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance

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Acknowledgments

I thank three anonymous reviewers who provided helpful comments. My appreciation extends to Albert W. Girotti and Tamas Kriska for their continued encouragement. I am particularly grateful to R. Patrick Hassett for always his help.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA

    Elizabeth L. Crockett

  2. Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME, 04672, USA

    Elizabeth L. Crockett

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Correspondence to Elizabeth L. Crockett.

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Communicated by I.D. Hume.

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Crockett, E.L. The cold but not hard fats in ectotherms: consequences of lipid restructuring on susceptibility of biological membranes to peroxidation, a review. J Comp Physiol B 178, 795–809 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-008-0275-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-008-0275-7

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