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Digital particle image thermometry/velocimetry: a review

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Abstract

Digital particle image thermometry/velocimetry (DPIT/V) is a relatively new methodology that allows for measurements of simultaneous temperature and velocity within a two-dimensional domain, using thermochromic liquid crystal tracer particles as the temperature and velocity sensors. Extensive research has been carried out over recent years that have allowed the methodology and its implementation to grow and evolve. While there have been several reviews on the topic of liquid crystal thermometry (Moffat in Exp Therm Fluid Sci 3:14–32, 1990; Baughn in Int J Heat Fluid Flow 16:365–375, 1995; Roberts and East in J Spacecr Rockets 33:761–768, 1996; Wozniak et al. in Appl Sci Res 56:145–156, 1996; Behle et al. in Appl Sci Res 56:113–143, 1996; Stasiek in Heat Mass Transf 33:27–39, 1997; Stasiek and Kowalewski in Opto Electron Rev 10:1–10, 2002; Stasiek et al. in Opt Laser Technol 38:243–256, 2006; Smith et al. in Exp Fluids 30:190–201, 2001; Kowalewski et al. in Springer handbook of experimental fluid mechanics, 1st edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 487–561, 2007), the focus of the present review is to provide a relevant discussion of liquid crystals pertinent to DPIT/V. This includes a background on liquid crystals and color theory, a discussion of experimental setup parameters, a description of the methodology’s most recent advances and processing methods affecting temperature measurements, and finally an explanation of its various implementations and applications.

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Notes

  1. Perhaps the most common example of a lyotropic liquid crystal is soap, where the molecules will line up such that their hydrophobic ends will face the outer side of the soap bubble surface, while the hydrophilic ends will face the inner side of the soap bubble surface.

  2. High pressure can also cause variations in the pitch length, for example see Keyes et al. (1973), Pollmann and Stegemeyer (1974); however for DLCPT/V applications, the pressure variations have negligible effects on the pitch of CLCs.

  3. Interestingly, experimental evidence of this was found in the late 1950s and early 1960s, where it was determined that the retina within the human eye had two different light-sensitive receptors called rods and cones, loosely named after the shape of the receptors. Rods, being more sensitive to light, are mostly responsible for twilight and night vision. Cones exist in three types, each type being sensitive to a different wavelength band within the visible spectrum, are responsible for day and color vision. Overall, the human retina contains about 6.5 million cones and 100 million rods. Their distribution, however, is not uniform. A small part of the retina called the fovea, for example, contains only cones. When looking at any scene, its center always focuses onto the fovea, which subtends an angle no larger than 4°. Outside of the fovea, there are both rods and cones, with rods outnumbering cones.

  4. http://www.geospatialsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/spectral-and-polarization-configuration-guide.pdf. Though descriptive of generic 3CCD color cameras, this figure specifically represents the Geospatial Systems, Inc (GSI) MS 3100/4100 Series 3-CCD cameras.

  5. See, for example, http://www.siliconimaging.com/RGB%20Bayer.htm.

Abbreviations

CCD:

Charge-coupled device

CIE:

Commission International de l’Éclairage

CLC:

Cholesteric liquid crystal

CNLC:

Chiral nematic liquid crystals

DPIT:

Digital particle image thermometry

DPIT/V:

Digital particle image thermometry/velocimetry

DPIV:

Digital particle image velocimetry

HWA:

Hot wire anemometry

LDA:

Laser-Doppler anemometry

MTV&T:

Molecular tagging velocimetry and thermometry

LIF:

Laser-induced fluorescence

NTSC:

National Television Systems Committee

POD:

Proper orthogonal decomposition

RTD:

Resistance temperature detector

TLC:

Thermochromic liquid crystals

PAL:

Phase altering line

SECAM:

Séquentiel couleur à mémoire

NTSC:

National Television Standards Committee

HSI:

Hue, saturation, intensity

RGB:

Red, green, blue color space

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    Dana Dabiri

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Dabiri, D. Digital particle image thermometry/velocimetry: a review. Exp Fluids 46, 191–241 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-008-0590-5

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