Abstract
A Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) system for mapping the three dimensional tracer concentration field in turbulent flows is described. The system is particularly suited to studies of single or multiple buoyant jets discharged into unstratified and stratified flowing environments for conditions typical of wastewater discharges into surface water bodies. A laser beam is scanned through the flow and LIF images are obtained in parallel planes with a high-speed synchronized CCD camera. Refractive index matching is used to minimize refractive index variations due to local density gradients. An application to vertical round buoyant jets discharging into unstratified and stratified cross flows is presented. The three-dimensional system can obtain vastly more data than is possible with probe-based techniques and can yield far more insight into the flow and mixing processes.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- a:
-
Combined attenuation coefficient, cm-1
- aw :
-
Attenuation coefficient for fresh water, cm-1
- B :
-
Buoyancy flux of buoyant jet, cm4/s3
- c :
-
Tracer concentration, g/l
- C salt, C eth :
-
Salt and ethanol concentrations, g/l
- d :
-
Port diameter, cm
- g:
-
Acceleration due to gravity, cm/s2
- \({\text{{g}'}}_{{\text{0}}} \) :
-
Modified acceleration due to gravity at source, cm/s2
- Q :
-
Volume flux of buoyant jet, cm3/s
- I :
-
Image gray scale level, DN
- l a,l Q , l M , l s, l t :
-
Buoyant jet length scales, cm (Eq. 8)
- L y :
-
Distance from camera to image plane, cm
- M :
-
Momentum flux of buoyant jet, cm4/s2
- M y :
-
Image scale factor
- N :
-
Buoyancy frequency, s-1
- u a :
-
Ambient flow velocity, cm/s
- u j :
-
Jet exit velocity, cm/s
- P :
-
Laser power, W
- S 0 :
-
Lowest dilution on the vertical center-plane through the nozzle
- S m :
-
Minimum dilution: lowest dilution in a vertical plane perpendicular to the flow
- x, y, z :
-
Coordinates, cm
- z m :
-
Maximum rise height of buoyant jets, cm
- z e :
-
Equilibrium rise height of buoyant jets, cm
- α:
-
Image calibration constant
- ρ 0 :
-
Effluent density, g/cm3
- ρ a :
-
Ambient density, g/cm3
References
Brücker C (1995) Digital-Particle-Image-Velocimetry (DPIV) in a scanning light-sheet: 3D starting flow around a short cylinder. Exp Fluids 19:255–263
Brücker C (1997) Study of the three-dimensional flow in a T-junction using a dual scanning method for three-dimensional scanning (3-D SPIV). Exp Therm Fluid Sci 14:35–44
Chu VH (1979) L. N. Fan’s data on buoyant jets in crossflow. J Hydraul Div-ASCE 105(HY5):612–617
Dahm WJA, Southerland K, Band Buch KA (1991) Direct, high resolution, four-dimensional measurements of the fine scale structure of Sc>>1 molecular mixing in turbulent flows. Phys Fluids A 3(5):1115–1127
Dahm WJA, Su LK, Southerland KB (1992) A scalar imaging velocimetry technique for fully resolved four-dimensional vector velocity field measurements in turbulent flows. Phys Fluids A 4(10):2191–2206
Daviero G (1998) Hydrodynamics of ocean outfall discharges in unstratified and stratified flows. PhD Thesis, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
Daviero GJ, Roberts PJW, Maile K (2001) Refractive index matching in large-scale stratified experiments. Exp Fluids 31:119–126
Delo C, Smits AJ (1997) Volumetric visualization of coherent structure in a low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer. Technical Report of the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, NJ
Deusch S (1998) Imaging of turbulent mixing by laser induced fluorescence and its application to velocity and velocity gradient measurements by a multi-patch 3D image correlation approach. PhD Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Dimotakis PE, Miake-Lye RC, Papantoniou DA (1983) Structure and dynamics of round turbulent jets. Phys Fluids 26(11):3185–3192
Ferrier A, Funk D, Roberts PJW (1993) Application of optical techniques to the study of plumes in stratified fluids. Dynam Atmos Oceans 20:155–183
Fischer HB, List EJ, Koh RCY, Imberger J, Brooks NH (1979) Mixing in inland and coastal waters. Academic, New York
Goldstein JE, Smits AJ (1994) Flow visualization of the three-dimensional, time-evolving structure of a turbulent boundary layer. Phys Fluids 6(2):577–586
Guezennec YG, Zhao Y, Gieseke TJ (1994) High-speed 3-D scanning particle image velocimetry (3-D SPIV) techniques. Developments in laser techniques and applications to fluid mechanics, 7th International Symposium, pp 393–407
Island TC, Patrie BJ, Mungal MG, Hanson RK (1996) Instantaneous three-dimensional flow visualization of a supersonic mixing layer. Exp Fluids 20:249–256
Koochesfahani MM, Dimotakis PE (1985) Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of mixed fluid concentration in a liquid plane shear layer. AIAA Journal 23(11):1700–1707
Kychakoff G, Paul PH, van Cruyningen I, Hanson RK (1987) Movies and 3-D images of flowfields using planar laser-induced fluorescence. Appl Opt 26(13):2498–2501
Maas HG, Stefanidis A, Gruen A (1994) From pixels to voxels: tracking volume elements in sequences of 3-D digital images. ISPRS Commission III Symposium, Spatial Information from Digital Photogrammetry and Computer Vision, Munich, Sept 5–9, pp 539–546
Merkel GJ, Dracos T, Rys P, Rys FS (1994) Turbulent mixing investigated by laser induced fluorescence. 5th European Turbulence Conference, Sienna, Italy
Merkel GJ, Rys P, Rys FS, Dracos T (1996) Concentration and velocity field measurements in turbulent flows using laser-induced fluorescence tomography. Appl Sci Res 56:181–190
Owen FK (1976) Simultaneous laser measurements of instantaneous velocity and concentration in turbulent mixing flows. AGARD-CP193, Paper 27
Papanicolaou PN, List EJ (1988) Investigations of round vertical turbulent buoyant jets. J Fluid Mech 195:341–391
Patrie BJ, Seitzman JM, Hanson RK (1994) Instantaneous three-dimensional flow visualization by rapid acquisition of multiple planar flow images. Optical Engineering 33(3):975–80
Prasad RR, Sreenivasan KR (1990) Quantitative three-dimensional imaging and the structure of passive scalar fields in fully turbulent flows. J Fluid Mech 216:1–34
Roberts PJW (1979) Line plume and ocean outfall dispersion. J Hydraulics Division, ASCE 105(HY4):313–330
Roberts PJW, Snyder WH (1993) Hydraulic model study for the Boston Outfall. J Hydraul Eng-ASCE 119(9):970–1002
Roberts PJW, Tian X (2002a) Application of three-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence to stratified turbulent mixing processes. Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods Conf 2002, Estes Park, Colorado, July 28–August 1, 2002
Roberts PJW, Tian X (2002b) New experimental techniques for validation of marine discharge models. J Marine Syst, in press
Roberts PJW, Tian X (2003) Physical modeling of the Goro Nickel Outfall. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, June 3, 2003, p 60
Roberts PJW, Snyder WH, Baumgartner DJ (1989) Ocean outfalls. J Hydraul Eng-ASCE 115(1):1–70
Roberts PJW, Maile K, Daviero G (2001) Mixing in stratified jets. J Hydraul Eng-ASCE 127(3):194–200
Roberts PJW, Hunt CD, Mickelson MJ (2002) Field and model studies of the Boston Outfall. 2nd Int Conf On Marine Waste Water Discharges MWWD 2002, Istanbul, Sept16–20, 2002
Rockwell D, Magness C, Towfighi J, Akin O, Corcoran T (1993) High image-density particle image velocimetry using laser scanning techniques. Exp Fluids 14:181–192
Ruck B, Pavlovski B (2000) Laser tomography for flow structure analysis. High Temp+ 38(1):106–117
Tian X (2002) 3DLIF and its Applications to studies of the near field mixing of wastewater discharges. PhD Thesis, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
Van Cruyningen I, Lozano A, Hanson RK (1990) Quantitative imaging of concentration by planar laser induced fluorescence. Exp Fluids 10:41–49
Walker DA (1987) A fluorescence technique for measurement of concentration in mixing fluids. J Phys E: Sci Instrum 20:217–224
Webster DR, Roberts PJW, Raad L (2001) Simultaneous DPTV/PLIF measurements of a turbulent jet. Exp Fluids 30(1):65–72
Winter M, Lam JK, Long MB (1987) Techniques for high-speed digital imaging of gas concentrations in turbulent flows. Exp Fluids 5:177–183
Wright SJ (1977) Mean behavior of buoyant jets in a crossflow. J Hydraul Div-ASCE 103(HY5):499–513
Wright SJ (1984) Buoyant jets in density-stratified crossflow. J Hydraul Eng-ASCE 110(5):643–656
Yip B, Schmitt RL, Long MB (1988) Instantaneous three-dimensional concentration measurements in turbulent jets and flames. Opt Lett 13(2):96–98
Acknowledgements
The writers acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers. DGE-9354986 and CBT-8915537, and the STAR program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Exploratory Research, Physics, Grant Number R 826216. The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Walter Frick, U.S. EPA for his assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, X., Roberts, P.J.W. A 3D LIF system for turbulent buoyant jet flows. Exp Fluids 35, 636–647 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-003-0714-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-003-0714-x