Abstract
Salinity is a significant abiotic factor that has adverse effects on crop growth and productivity. The objective of this current study was to investigate the potential of Piriformospora indica, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in alleviating salinity stress in the Maharaja BIO 9637 hybrid maize variety. The experiment employed a completely randomized design, where plants were subjected to two salinity levels: 0 and 200 mM NaCl (corresponding to electrical conductivity values of 0.02 and 17.1 mS cm−1, respectively) under greenhouse conditions. The findings of this study demonstrate that microbial inoculation significantly enhanced plant growth, biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, photosynthetic pigment concentration, osmolyte accumulation, and nutrient uptake compared to control plants under salinity stress. Moreover, microbe-colonized plants exhibited reduced levels of malondialdehyde, membrane permeability, and lipoxygenase activity. The microbe-colonized maize plants also displayed elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). However, AMF colonization did not affect CAT activity and decreased at high salinity levels. Remarkably, microbe-colonized plants exhibited less damage at the ultrastructural level than control plants, irrespective of the salinity levels. Henceforth, PGPB, P. indica, and AMF possess substantial promise as feasible choices for advancing sustainable agricultural methodologies in situations marked by environmental stress.
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Abbreviations
- AMF:
-
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
- PGPB:
-
Plant-growth promoting bacteria
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- ICP-MS:
-
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- LOX:
-
Lipoxygenase
- APX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
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Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank Professor Ajit Verma of AIMT, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India, for providing the Piriformospora indica inoculum. They also extend their gratitude to the Department of Microbiology at IARI, New Delhi, for supplying the PGPB and AMF inoculum. Additionally, M.S. and J.G.S. acknowledge Delhi Technological University for their generous financial support for TEM and ICPMS data acquisition.
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MS and BG conceptualized the experimental framework. MS conducted the experiments in the research laboratory and performed extensive statistical analyses. MS authored the manuscript, which was subsequently revised by BG and JGS.
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Singh, M., Sharma, J.G. & Giri, B. Augmentative Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Piriformospora indica, and Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Mitigating Salinity Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.). J Plant Growth Regul 43, 1195–1215 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11177-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11177-8