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Effect of Metal-resistant PGPB on the Metal Uptake, Antioxidative Defense, Physiology, and Growth of Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S.Wats. in Soil Contaminated with Cadmium and Nickel

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Abstract

Atriplex lentiformis is a halophytic plant species used for desalination and phytoremediation. The plant tolerates abiotic constraints, such as salinity, drought, and toxic metals. It is also used as a fodder for domestic animals. It grows luxuriantly at 100–400-mM NaCl concentrations without any toxic symptoms. In the present investigation effects of biological amendments—PGPB (Plant growth-promoting bacteria—Bradyrhizobium japonicum—NCIM5350 and Pseudomonas fluorescens—NCIM2100), organic manure (OM), and chemical amendment—Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA) on Atriplex lentiformis were explored in cadmium- and nickel-contaminated soil. Heavy metal resistance and plant growth-promoting traits of PGPB were also analyzed. Augmentation with a combination of both PGPB and OM, A. lentiformis displayed maximum uptake of Ni (45.67 mg kg−1 in roots; 24.68 mg kg−1 in shoots) and Cd (14.15 mg kg−1 in roots; 7.19 mg kg−1 in shoots). Highest Ni uptake in shoots was observed under the EDTA amendment (25.33 mg kg−1). Metal uptake by A. lentiformis under NCIM2100 was greater than NCIM5350 for both Cd and Ni (10.57 and 43.87 mg kg−1). Among all the amendments highest metal uptake was recorded under bio-organic treatments (PGPB1 + PGPB2 + OM) for both Cd and Ni (14.15 and 45.67 mg kg−1), respectively. The results showed that this association has significantly improved the plant height, biomass, chlorophyll, MDA (Malondialdehyde) content, and the activity of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, APX, and SOD) which exhibited a positive correlation with metal uptake at 1% level of significance and the potency of synergistic impact of microbial consortium, while EDTA reduced the growth of the plant. Metal uptake under EDTA was also much lower than biological amendments. Higher metal values in roots establishes A. lentiformis as a phytostabilizer thus indicating its suitability as a safer forage. Biological amendments-based phytoremediation holds great promise and could be used in future to give further impetus to the antioxidative defense, phytoremedial potential, and growth of this and other important forage plants.

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Acknowledgements

This study had the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic Project UIDB/04292/2020 granted to MARE. We also thank University Grants Commission, New Delhi for providing funding (Grant sanction F. no. 43-100/2014 SR) for the work. Harsh Kumar is grateful for the fellowship under the project. Authors are thankful to the Principal, St. John’s College, Agra, India for providing the necessary facilities for conducting this research.

Funding

This study had the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic Project UIDB/04292/2020 granted to MARE and also the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for providing funding (Grant sanction F. no. 43-100/2014 SR) for the work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, St. John’s College, Agra, 282 002, India

    Harsh Kumar, Shumailah Ishtiyaq & Manoj S. Paul

  2. School of Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

    Paulo J. C. Favas

  3. Department of Life Sciences, MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal

    Paulo J. C. Favas

  4. Department of Botany, Hislop College, Nagpur, 440 001, India

    Mayank Varun

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  1. Harsh Kumar
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  2. Shumailah Ishtiyaq
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  3. Paulo J. C. Favas
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  4. Mayank Varun
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  5. Manoj S. Paul
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Contributions

HK conceptualized the study and designed the methodology of the experiment. HK, SI, and MV carried out the experiment, monitor the growth stages, and collected data. HK, SI, and MV were involved in the data analysis and drafting of manuscript. MV analyzed the data statistically and interpreted the results. PJCF and MSP supervised the overall study and reviewed the manuscript draft before submission.

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Correspondence to Mayank Varun.

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Kumar, H., Ishtiyaq, S., Favas, P.J.C. et al. Effect of Metal-resistant PGPB on the Metal Uptake, Antioxidative Defense, Physiology, and Growth of Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S.Wats. in Soil Contaminated with Cadmium and Nickel. J Plant Growth Regul 42, 3868–3887 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10853-5

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