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Effect of microorganisms on reducing cadmium uptake and toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

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Abstract

This study analyzed the application of three microorganism inoculums, including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and commercial effective microorganism (EM) solution in order to determine cadmium (Cd) reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and rice growth promotion. Rice was grown in Cd-contaminated soil (120 mg/kg) and selected microorganisms were inoculated. Cd concentration and rice weight were measured at 45 and 120 days of the experiment. The result showed that B. subtilis inoculation into rice can highly reduce Cd accumulation in every part of rice roots and shoots (45 days), and grains (120 days). This species can effectively absorb Cd compared to other inoculums, which might be the main mechanism to reduce Cd transportation in rice plants. Interestingly, plants that were inoculated with bacterial species individually harbored higher calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) accumulation; B. subtilis-inoculated plants had the highest levels of Ca and Mg compared to other inoculated ones. Moreover, inoculating rice plants with these microorganisms could increase the dry weight of the plant and protect them from Cd stress because all the inoculums presented the ability to solubilize phosphate, produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and control ethylene levels by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity. After 120 days, quantification of each inoculum by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) confirmed the root colonization of bacterial species, with B. subtilis showing higher 16S rRNA gene copy numbers than the other species. B. subtilis was classified as a non-human pathogenic strain, reassuring the safe application of this plant growth-promoting bacterium as a crop inoculum.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the financial support provided by King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi through the “Kmutt 55th Anniversary Commemorative fund” and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the higher Education Commission.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand

    Chairat Treesubsuntorn

  2. School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand

    Prapai Dhurakit, Gholamreza Khaksar & Paitip Thiravetyan

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  1. Chairat Treesubsuntorn
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  2. Prapai Dhurakit
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  3. Gholamreza Khaksar
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  4. Paitip Thiravetyan
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Correspondence to Paitip Thiravetyan.

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Treesubsuntorn, C., Dhurakit, P., Khaksar, G. et al. Effect of microorganisms on reducing cadmium uptake and toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 25690–25701 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9058-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9058-6

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