Abstract
A dual-wavelength diode laser-based absorption sensor for standoff point measurements of water film thickness on an opaque surface is presented. The sensor consists of a diode laser source, a foil as backscattering target, and off-axis paraboloids for collecting the fraction of the laser radiation transmitted through the liquid layer via retro-reflection. Laser wavelengths in the near infrared at 1412 and 1353 nm are used where the temperature dependence of the liquid water absorption cross section is known. The lasers are fiber coupled and the detection of the retro-reflected light was accomplished through a multimode fiber and a single photodiode using time-division multiplexing. The water film thickness at a given temperature was determined from measured transmittance ratios at the two laser wavelengths. The sensor concept was first validated with measurement using a temperature-controlled calibration cell providing liquid layers of variable and known thickness between 100 and 1000 µm. Subsequently, the sensor was demonstrated successfully during recording the time-varying thickness of evaporating water films at fixed temperatures. The film thickness was recorded as a function of time at three temperatures down to 50 µm.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Gieshoff, M. Pfeifer, A. Schafer-Sindlinger, P.C. Spurk, G. Garr, T. Leprince, M. Crocker, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0514 (2001)
F. Birkhold, U. Meingast, P. Wassermann, O. Deutschmann, SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0643 (2006)
N. Grice, I. Sherrington, SAE Technical Paper 930688 (1993)
E. Kull, G. Wiltafsky, W. Stolz, K.D. Min, E. Holder, Opt. Lett. 22, 645 (1997)
H. Inagaki, A. Saito, M. Murakami, T. Konomi, SAE Technical Paper 952346 (1995)
S. Wigger, H.J. Füßer, D. Fuhrmann, C. Schulz, S.A. Kaiser, Appl. Opt. 55, 269 (2016)
H. Yang, D. Greszik, T. Dreier, C. Schulz, Appl. Phys. B 99, 385 (2010)
R. Pan, J.B. Jeffries, T. Dreier, C. Schulz, Appl. Phys. B 120, 397 (2015)
R. Pan, J.B. Jeffries, T. Dreier, C. Schulz, Appl. Phys. B 122, 4 (2016)
H. Glade, K. Krömer, S. Will, S. Nied, S.M. Pancera, G. Schürmann, IDA J. 2, 38 (2010)
I. Nova, E. Tronconi, Urea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts (Springer, New York, 2014)
J. Chen, A. Hangauer, R. Strzoda, M.C. Amann, Appl. Phys. B 100, 417 (2010)
A. Seidel, S. Wangner, V. Ebert, Appl. Phys. B 109, 497 (2012)
Z. Wang, S.T. Sanders, Appl. Phys. B 121, 187 (2015)
C.S. Goldenstein, R.M. Spearrin, R.K. Hanson, Appl. Opt. 55, 479 (2016)
A. Seidel, S. Wagner, A. Dreizler, V. Ebert, Atmos. Meas. Tech. 8, 2061 (2015)
D. Greszik, H. Yang, T. Dreier, C. Schulz, Appl. Phys. B 102, 123 (2011)
T.E. Toolbox, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/evaporation-water-surface-d_690.html (2016)
P. Stephan, C.A. Busse, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 35, 383 (1992)
D.W. Zhou, C.F. Ma, Heat Mass Transf. 40, 539 (2004)
T. Gambaryan-Roisman, P. Stephan, J. Enhanc. Heat Transf. 10, 445 (2003)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under Grant SCHU 1369/16-1. J.B. Jeffries acknowledges the financial support via a Mercator fellowship within the same Grant.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pan, R., Brocksieper, C., Jeffries, J.B. et al. Diode laser-based standoff absorption measurement of water film thickness in retro-reflection. Appl. Phys. B 122, 249 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-016-6524-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-016-6524-7