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Temporal changes in the sponge holobiont during the course of infection with Aplysina Red Band Syndrome

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Abstract

Diseases of marine organisms, including sponges on coral reefs, are being reported with increasing frequency worldwide. Aplysina Red Band Syndrome (ARBS) occurs across the Caribbean basin, predominantly affecting Aplysina cauliformis, one of the most common reef sponges in this region. Existing ARBS lesions and their effects on the sponge holobiont have been documented, yet little is known about the biochemical and microbial changes associated with the onset of infection. Due to the transmissible nature of ARBS, infection can be induced and monitored through sponge-to-sponge direct contact. Nine-day contact experiments with healthy-diseased and healthy-healthy sponge pairings were conducted in the Bahamas in January and July to compare individual sponges sampled initially and at one of three successive time points. Temporal changes in bacterial assemblages and photosymbiont abundance (via concentrations of chlorophyll a), and concentrations of total protein, heat shock protein 70, and major secondary metabolites that may correspond with disease onset were characterized. All healthy sponges in contact with diseased sponges developed ARBS by day 9 in January and by day 6 in July, suggesting that observed changes in the holobiont corresponded with the development of ARBS. The concentrations of several major secondary metabolites, as well as heat shock protein 70 and chlorophyll a, changed significantly in samples of visibly healthy tissue from initially healthy sponges that became diseased. In contrast, the composition of the associated bacterial community changed in all attached sponges over time. These results suggest that infection with ARBS elicits rapid responses by the sponge holobiont, providing a model system in which to investigate immune responses in an early metazoan.

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Acknowledgements

We thank M Ansley, S Criddle, S Lee, D Lee, C Williams, and Dr. JL Stevens for their help with the laboratory analyses, and Drs. E Hunkin and M Slattery for their help in the field. Dr. E Mueller and the Perry Institute of Marine Science provided logistical support. Samples were collected under Bahamas Department of Marine Resources Scientific Research Permit MAF/FIS/1,12,46A,79. Funding was provided by National Science Foundation grants OCE-1214303 to DJG and JBO, OCE-0727833 to JBO and OCE-0727996 to DJG and a National Institute of Undersea Science and Technology grant to DJG.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA

    Julie B. Olson

  2. Biology Department, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA

    Cole G. Easson

  3. National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA

    Deborah J. Gochfeld

  4. Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA

    Deborah J. Gochfeld

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Olson, J.B., Easson, C.G. & Gochfeld, D.J. Temporal changes in the sponge holobiont during the course of infection with Aplysina Red Band Syndrome. Coral Reefs 40, 1211–1226 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02126-6

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