Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

New crops in the 1st millennium ce in northern Italy

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Vegetation History and Archaeobotany Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to identify new crops in the 1st millennium ce in northern Italy, a complex and diversified territory, archaeobotanical macroremains from 155 sites dating between the 2nd century bce and 12th century ce were analysed. In more than half of the sites, taxa were encountered that had never previously been recorded from the area. The new crops are about 30, mainly (~ 70%) fruit plants in the broad sense, which have a clear peak in this time period. Based on the available data, the most prominent time for the introduction of new food plants (both imports and cultivars) seems to have been the Roman Imperial period (1st–2nd century ce), but also later, in Late Antiquity (3rd–6th century ce) and the Middle Ages (7th–12 century ce), there was no lack of new arrivals. Some fruit trees, such as Prunus persica (peach) and Pinus pinea (stone pine) immediately played an important role, and have continued to do so over time, as these are still grown in the area now.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abad Viñas R, Caudullo G, Oliveira S, de Rigo D (2016) Pinus pinea in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats. In: San-Miguel-Ayanz J, de Rigo D, Caudullo G, Houston Durrant T, Mauri A (eds) European Atlas of Forest Tree Species. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, pp 130–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Acta Plantarum (2023) https://www.actaplantarum.org/flora/flora_info.php?id=198. Accessed May 2023

  • André J (2009) L’alimentation et la cuisine à Rome. Les Belles Lettres, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • André J (2010) Le Noms des Plantes dans la Rome antique. Les Belles Lettres, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • André J (ed) (2017) Apicius. L’art culinaire. Les Belles Lettres, Paris

  • Augenti A, Bondi M, Carra M, Cirelli E, Malaguti C, Rizzi M (2006) Indagini archeologiche a Classe (scavi 2004): primi risultati sulle fasi di età altomedievale e dati archeobotanici. In: Francovich R, Valenti M (eds) IV Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale. All’Insegna del Giglio, Firenze, pp 153–161

  • Bandini Mazzanti M, Bosi G, Marchesini M, Mercuri AM, Accorsi CA (2000) Quale frutta circolava sulle tavole emiliano-romagnole nel periodo romano? Suggerimenti dai semi e frutti rinvenuti in siti archeologici. Atti Soc Nat Mat Modena 131:63–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandini Mazzanti M, Bosi G, Mercuri AM, Accorsi CA, Guarnieri C (2005) Plant use in a city in northern Italy during the late Mediaeval and Renaissance periods: results of the archaeobotanical investigation of “The Mirror Pit” (14th–15th century ad) in Ferrara. Veget Hist Archaeobot 14:442–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandini Mazzanti M, Marchesini M, Marvelli S, Bosi G, Mercuri AM, Accorsi CA (2001) Semi e frutti del pozzo di Cognento (Modena), dal periodo tardoromano all'età moderna. In: Marini Calvani M (ed) Archeologia dell’Emilia-Romagna 1999/III. All’Insegna del Giglio, Firenze, pp 207–228

  • Bosi G (2000) Flora e ambiente vegetale a Ferrara tra il X e il XV secolo attraverso i reperti carpologici dello scavo di corso Porta Reno-via Vaspergolo nell’attuale centro storico. Doctoral Thesis, University of Florence

  • Bosi G, Bandini Mazzanti M, Florenzano A et al (2011) Seeds/fruits, pollen and parasite remains as evidence of site function: piazza Garibaldi—Parma (N Italy) in Roman and Mediaeval times. J Archaeol Sci 38:1621–1633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosi G, Bandini Mazzanti M, Montecchi MC, Torri P, Rinaldi R (2017a) The life of a Roman colony in northern Italy: ethnobotanical information from archaeobotanical analysis. Quat Int 460:135–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosi G, Castiglioni E, Rinaldi R, Mazzanti M, Marchesini M, Rottoli M (2020) Archaeobotanical evidence of food plants in Northern Italy during the Roman period. Veget Hist Archaeobot 29:681–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosi G, De Felice S, Wilkinson MJ, Allainguillaume J, Arru L, Nascimbene J, Buldrini F (2022) Brassica and Sinapis seeds in medieval archaeological sites: an example of multiproxy analysis for their identification and ethnobotanical interpretation. Plants 11:2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11162100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosi G, Herchenbach M, Buldrini F, Rinaldi R, Bandini Mazzanti M (2017b) On the trail of date-plum (Diospyros lotus L.) in Italy and its first archaeobotanical evidence. Econ Bot 71:133–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosi G, Labate D, Rinaldi R, Montecchi MC, Mazzanti M, Torri P, Riso FM, Mercuri AM (2019) A survey of the Late Roman period (3rd–6th century ad): pollen, NPPs and seeds/fruits for reconstructing environmental and cultural changes after the floods in Northern Italy. Quat Int 499:3–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosi G, Marchesini M, Marvelli S, Bandini Mazzanti M (2014) L’alimentazione e l’ambiente vegetale ricostruiti attraverso le analisi carpologiche. In: Gelichi S, Librenti M, Marchesini M (eds) Un villaggio nella Pianura. Ricerche archeologiche in un insediamento medievale nel territorio di Sant’Agata Bolognese. All’Insegna del Giglio, Firenze, pp 308–323

  • Bosi G, Mercuri AM, Guarnieri C, Bandini Mazzanti M (2009) Luxury food and ornamental plants at the 15th century ad Renaissance court of the Este family (Ferrara, northern Italy). Veget Hist Archaeobot 18:389–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosi G, Rottoli M, Castiglioni E, Bandini Mazzanti M (2016) Archaeobotanical evidence of food plants in northern Italy during the Medieval and Renaissance periods. In: Bouchaud C, Dabrowski V, David B et al (eds) 17th Conference of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany, Paris, France, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Jardin des Plantes, July 4-9, 2016: Abstracts. Lectures and Posters. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, pp 47–48

  • Bouby L, Léa V (2006) Exploitation de la vesce commune (Vicia sativa L.) au Néolithique moyen dans le Sud de la France. Données carpologiques du site de Claparouse (Lagnes, Vaucluse). CR Palevol 5:973–980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BRAIN (Botanical Records of Archaeobotany Italian Network) (2023) https://brainplants.successoterra.net. Accessed May 2023

  • Breda A, Venturini I, Castiglioni E, Cottini M (2011) Cereali, legumi, formaggio e attrezzi agricoli. Uno spaccato di vita quotidiana nel villaggio longobardo di Chiari. In: Archetti G, Baronio A (eds) La civiltà del latte. Fonti, simboli e prodotti dal Tardoantico al Novecento. Fondazione Civiltà Bresciana, Brescia, pp 611–630

  • Büntgen U, Myglan VS, Ljungqvist FC et al (2016) Cooling and societal change during the late antique little ice age from 536 to around 660 ad. Nat Geosci 9:231–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Büntgen U, Tegel W, Nicolussi K et al (2011) 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility. Science 331:578–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cagnana A, Bertamonti E, Castiglioni E et al (2019) Accumulare e difendere nelle Alpi Carniche dell’XI secolo: gli scavi nel sito fortificato del ‘Broili’ di Illegio. Archeologia Medievale 46:97–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Cagnana A, Cabella R, Capelli C, Castiglioni E, Marrarro D, Piazza M, Spinetti A (2008) L’abitato di altura di X-XI secolo a Corvara di Beverino (SP). Contributo all’archeologia del paesaggio altomedievale nella Liguria orientale. Archeologia in Liguria n.s. 1(2004–2005):123–151

  • Cameron A (1985) Procopius and the sixth century. Duckworth, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnevale Schianca E (2011) La cucina medievale: lessico, storia, preparazioni. Leo S. Olschki, Firenze

  • Carra M, Ferreri D (2014) Analisi bioarcheologiche e attività funerarie medievali presso la Basilica di San Severo a Classe; l’area esterna al nartece. Ocnus 22:81–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Carra M, Marinval P, Dalmeri G (2011) I bulbi di avena altissima (Arrhenatherum elatius var. bulbosum) da Riparo Dalmeri (TN): offerta votiva o cibo quotidiano? Preistoria Alpina 45:147–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Castelletti L (1975) Materiali botanici dalla fornace da campane (sec. XII) e resti di sarcofago ligneo (sec. XIV) da Sarzana. Archeologia Medievale 2:149–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Castelletti L (1977) Legni carbonizzati e altri resti vegetali macroscopici. In: Frova A (ed) Scavi di Luni II. Giorgio Bretschneider Editore, Roma, pp 736–741

  • Castelletti L, Castiglioni E (1991) Resti vegetali. In: Brogiolo GP, Castelletti L (eds) Archeologia a Monte Barro I, Il grande edificio e le torri. Stefanoni Editore, Lecco, pp 169–203

  • Castelletti L, Maspero A (1988) Analisi di resti vegetali macroscopici. In: Panazza G, Brogiolo GP (eds) Ricerche su Brescia altomedioevale, Vol 1: Gli studi fino al 1978, Lo scavo di via Alberto Mario. Accademia di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, Brescia, pp 125–132

  • Castelletti L, Motella De Carlo S (1998) Dallo scavo alla ricostruzione agrosilvopastorale in età altomedievale e medievale. In: Mercando L, Micheletto E (eds) Archeologia in Piemonte, Vol 3: Il Medioevo. Allemandi Editore, Torino, pp 95-107

  • Castiglioni E (2009) I resti botanici dall’abitato altomedievale di San Bartolomeo. In: Brogiolo GP, Mariotti V (eds) San Martino di Serravalle e San Bartolomeo de Castelàz. Due chiese di Valtellina: scavi e ricerche. Silvana Editoriale, Cinisello Balsamo (MI), pp 93–105

  • Castiglioni E, Cottini M, Rettore E, Rottoli M (2004) Il legno, i tessuti, i cuoi e gli altri materiali organici dalla necropoli longobarda e dall’abitato. In: Pejrani Baricco L (ed) Presenze Longobarde. Collegno nell’alto medioevo. Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Piemonte, Torino, pp 177–205

  • Castiglioni E, Cottini M, Rottoli M (1999) I resti botanici di S. Giulia a Brescia. In: Brogiolo GP (ed) S. Giulia di Brescia, gli scavi dal 1980 al 1992. Reperti preromani, romani e alto medievali. All’Insegna del Giglio, Firenze, pp 401–424

  • Castiglioni E, Cottini M, Rottoli M (2001) I resti archeobotanici. In: Brogiolo GP, Castelletti L (eds) Archeologia a Monte Barro. II - Gli scavi 1990–97 e le ricerche al S. Martino di Lecco. Consorzio Parco Monte Barro, Museo Archeologico “P. Giovio” Como, Lecco, pp 223–247

  • Castiglioni E, Cottini M, Rottoli M (2007) Ambiente e alimentazione dal I millennio a.C. al Medioevo. In: Fortunati M, Poggiani Keller R (eds) Storia economica e sociale di Bergamo. I primi millenni. Dalla Preistoria al Medioevo 2. Fondazione per la Storia Economica e Sociale di Bergamo, Bergamo, pp 277–285

  • Castiglioni E, Fanetti D, Rottoli M (2014) Uno strano frumento coltivato a Brescia—Una piccola dispensa altomedievale—Ricostruire l’alimentazione frugando tra i resti di una latrina. In: Rossi F (ed) Un luogo per gli dei. L’area del Capitolium a Brescia. All’Insegna del Giglio, Firenze, pp 187–188, 487, 489–490

  • Castiglioni E, Rottoli M (1994) Resti vegetali: carboni, semi e frutti. Ricostruzione dell’ambiente vegetale naturale e coltivato. In: Cavada E (ed) Archeologia a Mezzocorona. Documenti per la storia del popolamento rustico di età romana nell’area atesina. Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, pp 205–231

  • Castiglioni E, Rottoli M (2011) Nogara, l’abitato di Mulino di sotto. Coltivazione, alimentazione e ambiente nel medioevo. Risultati preliminari. In: Saggioro F (ed) Nogara. Archeologia e storia di un villaggio medievale (scavi 2003–2008). Giorgio Bretschneider Editore, Roma, pp 123–157

  • Castiglioni E, Rottoli M (2013) Broomcorn millet, foxtail millet and sorghum in North Italian Early Medieval sites. Eur J Post Class Archaeol 3:131–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Castiglioni E, Rottoli M (2018) Brescian archaeobotanical studies, Romanization to Early Medieval periods. Eur J Post Class Archaeol 8:91–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Castiglioni E, Rottoli M (2021a) VIII. I macroresti botanici e le datazioni al radiocarbonio. In: Frassine M (ed) Spineda. Il passato tra i ciottoli. Archeologia ai margini della centuriazione di Padova nord-ovest. Documenti di Archeologia 68. SAP Società Archaeologica, Quingentole (Mantova), pp 121–134

  • Castiglioni E, Rottoli M (2021b) San Cesario di Nave (BS). Le analisi archeobotaniche: le strutture, gli arredi e le derrate alimentari del «magazzino». In Solano S (ed) San Cesario di Nave (BS) tra Archeologia e Storia. prospettive di ricerca e valorizzazione. Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le Province di Bergamo e Brescia, Breno (BS), pp 65–72

  • Castiglioni E, Rottoli M (in press) Concordia Sagittaria (VE), Porta Urbis (scavo 2016): i macroresti botanici dal riempimento della cloaca di età romana (US 485). In: Bressan M (ed) La cloaca romana di Porta Urbis a Concordia

  • Clò E, Benatti A, Castiglioni E et al (2022) Offering into sacred waters: evidence from seeds/fruits, woods/charcoals and pollen. In: Benes J, Ptakova M, Bernardova A (eds) Abstract Book 19th Conference of the International Workgroup for Palaeoethnobotany, 13–17 June 2022, Clarion Hotel, České Budějovice. Czech Republic, University of South Bohemia, Budweis, p 35

    Google Scholar 

  • Columella LGM, Calzecchi Onesti R (tr) (1977) L’arte dell’agricoltura e libro sugli alberi. Einaudi, Torino

  • Cottini M, Rottoli M (2001) Reperti archeobotanici. In: Varaldo C (ed) Archeologia urbana a Savona: scavi e ricerche nel complesso monumentale del Priamar. II.2 Palazzo della Loggia (scavi 1969–1989). I materiali. Istituto Internazionale di Studi Liguri, Bordighera, pp 519–528

  • Cuoghi E (2006/2007) L’orto alto-medievale di Ferrara: basi carpologiche per la sua ricostruzione. Master Thesis, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena

  • Dalby A (2003) Food in the Ancient World from A to Z. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • De Marinis R (1988) Gli Etruschi a nord del Po’. Campanotto Editore, Pasian di Prato (UD)

  • DRYADES (2023) Portale della flora d’Italia (Portal to the flora of Italy). https://dryades.units.it/floritaly/. Accessed May 2023

  • Fortunati M, Castiglioni E, Cottini M, Rottoli M (in press) Archeologia e archeobotanica. Apporti interdisciplinari all’analisi del territorio di Bergamo in età romana. In: Uboldi M, Motella De Carlo S (eds) Studi in onore di L Castelletti. SAP Società Archaeologica, Quingentole (Mantova)

  • Frank K-S, Stika H-P (1988) Bearbeitung der makroskopischen Pflanzen- und einiger Tierreste des Römerkastells Sablonetum (Ellingen bei Weissenburg in Bayern). Materialhefte zur bayerischen Vorgeschichte A61. Laßleben, Kallmünz

  • Galasso G, Conti F, Peruzzi L et al (2018) An updated checklist of the vascular flora alien to Italy. Plant Biosyst 152:556–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2018.1441197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant M (2000) Galen on food and diet. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetti L, Fiorini A, Panzeri D et al (2020) Sustainability perspectives of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. cultivation under no tillage and water stress conditions. Plants 9:48. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herchenbach M, Meurers-Balke J (in preparation) Archäobotanik in Xanten

  • Landsberg S (2005) The Medieval Garden. The British Museum Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane FC (1973) Venice, a Maritime Republic. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzini G, Nali C (2013) Il pino domestico. Elementi storici e botanici di una preziosa realtà del paesaggio mediterraneo. Olschki Editore, Firenze

  • Lusuardi Siena S, Giostra C (2012) L’aristocrazia longobarda nel territorio di Trezzo sull’Adda: alcune considerazioni finali. In: Lusuardi Siena MS, Giostra C (eds) Archeologia medievale a Trezzo sull’Adda. Il sepolcreto longobardo e l’oratorio di San Martino. Le chiese di Santo Stefano e San Michele in Sallianense. Vita e Pensiero, Milano, pp 635–644

  • Malnati L, Manzelli V (2015) Brixia - Roma e le genti del Po. Giunti, Firenze

    Google Scholar 

  • Mariotti Lippi M, Florenzano A, Rinaldi R et al (2018) The Botanical Record of Archaeobotany Italian Network—BRAIN: a cooperative network, database and website. Fl Medit 28:365–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Maselli Scotti F, Rottoli M (2007) Indagini archeobotaniche all’ex Essiccatoio Nord di Aquileia: i resti vegetali protostorici e romani. In: Cuscito G, Zaccaria C (eds) Aquileia dalle origini alla costituzione del ducato longobardo. Territorio - Economia – Società. Editreg, Trieste, pp 783–816

  • McPartland JM, Guy GW, Hegman W (2018) Cannabis is indigenous to Europe and cultivation began during the Copper or Bronze age: a probabilistic synthesis of fossil pollen studies. Veget Hist Archaeobot 27:635–648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercuri AM, Accorsi CA, Bandini Mazzanti M et al (2006) Economy and environment of Bronze Age settlements—Terramaras—on the Po Plain (Northern Italy): first results from the archaeobotanical research at the Terramara di Montale. Veget Hist Archaeobot 16:43–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercuri AM, Accorsi CA, Bandini Mazzanti M et al (2009) From the “Treasure of Domagnano” to the Archaeobotany of a Roman and Gothic settlement in the Republic of San Marino. In: Morel JP, Mercuri AM (eds) Plants and Culture: seeds of the cultural heritage of Europe. EdiPuglia, Bari, pp 69–91

  • Mercuri AM, Allevato E, Arobba D et al (2015) Pollen and macroremains from Holocene archaeological sites: a dataset for the understanding of the bio-cultural diversity of the Italian landscape. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 218:250–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercuri AM, Bandini Mazzanti M, Florenzano A, Montecchi MC, Rattighieri E (2013) Olea, Juglans and Castanea: the OJC group as pollen evidence of the development of human-induced environments in the Italian peninsula. Quat Int 303:24–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moser D (2016) I Resti carpologici dell'insediamento castrense di Sant'Andrea di Loppio. In: Maurina B (ed) Ricerche archeologiche a Sant’Andrea di Loppio (Trento, Italia). Il castrum, Tardoantico-Altomedievale. Archaeopress Publishing, Oxford, pp 713–732

  • Motella De Carlo S (1996) Sui cereali nel contesto agroforestale subalpino dei secoli II-XIII: nuovi dati dalle ricerche di Peveragno-Castelvecchio e di Cherasco-Manzano. In: Comba R, Panero F (eds) Il seme l’aratro la messe. Le coltivazioni frumentarie in Piemonte dalla preistoria alla meccanizzazione agricola. Società per gli studi storici, archeologici ed artistici della Provincia di Cuneo, Cuneo, pp 23–36

  • Motella De Carlo S (2002) Le ricerche archeobotaniche. In: Accigliaro W, Rabino M (eds) La chiesa di San Giuseppe. Restauri e studi per una sede di culto in Alba. Edizioni Albesi, Alba, pp 61–64

  • Ovid, Canali L (2006) I Fasti, 4th edn, BUR Rizzoli, Milano

  • Parisi Presicce C, Rossini O (2015) Nutrire l’impero. Storie di alimentazione da Roma a Pompei. L’Erma di Bretschneider, Roma

  • Perego R, Rottoli M, Castiglioni E (2022) Agricoltura e preferenze alimentari durante le età del Bronzo e del Ferro in Lombardia. Rivista Di Scienze Preistoriche 72:63–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Pignatti S, Guarino R, La Rosa M (2017–2019) Flora d’Italia, 2nd edn. Edagricole, Bologna

  • Plinius Secundus G, Aragrosti A, Conti GB (1984) Storia naturale, 3.1 botanica. libri 12–19, Einaudi, Torino

  • POWO (2023) Plants of the world online. https://powo.science.kew.org/. Accessed May 2023

  • Prance G, Nesbitt M (2005) The cultural history of plants. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Proserpio B, Rottoli M (2021) Le analisi archeobotaniche. In: Chavarra Arnau A, Brogiolo GP (eds) Torba (Va). Scavi Archeologici 2013–2019. SAP Società Archeologica, Quingentole (Mantova), pp 195–201

  • Randsborg K (1991) The first millennium ad in Europe and the Mediterranean: an archaeological essay. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravegnani G (2004) I Bizantini in Italia. Il Mulino, Bologna

    Google Scholar 

  • Roncaglia CE (2018) Northern Italy in the Roman World: from the Bronze Age to late antiquity. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rösch M (2002) Petersilie. In: Beck H, Geuenich D, Steuer H (eds): Östgötalag—Pfalz und Pfalzen, 2. Aufl. (Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 22) de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 629–631

  • Rottoli M, Castiglioni E (2009) Prehistory of plant growing and collecting in northern Italy, based on seed remains from the early Neolithic to the Chalcolithic (c. 5600–2100 cal. bc). Veget Hist Archaeobot 18:91–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rottoli M, Castiglioni E (2011) Plant offerings from Roman cremations in northern Italy: a review. Veget Hist Archaeobot 20:495–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rottoli M, Fanetti D, Bosi G, Castiglioni E (2016) The agriculture in northern Italy during the Iron Age: a review. In: Bouchaud C, Dabrowski V, David B et al (eds) 17th Conference of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany, Paris, France, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Jardin des Plantes, July 4–9, 2016: Abstracts. Lectures and Posters. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, pp 66–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadori L, Allevato E, Bosi G et al (2009) The introduction and diffusion of peach in ancient Italy. In: Morel JP, Mercuri AM (eds) Plants and culture: seeds of the cultural heritage of Europe. EdiPuglia, Bari, pp 45–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Sala I, Rottoli M (2018) Le offerte vegetali nella tomba 12/2005 della necropoli Lippi di Verucchio (ca. 680–640 a.C.). Arimnestos 1:47–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Settia AA (2011) Barbari e infedeli nell’alto medioevo: storia e miti storiografici. Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo, Spoleto

  • Stace CA, Crawley MJ (2015) Alien Plants. William Collins, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stika HP, Heiss AG (2013) Plant cultivation in the bronze age. In: Fokkens H, Harding A (eds) The Oxford handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 348–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Varro MT, Traglia A (1974) Opere (Classici Latini 30) Editrice UTET, Torino

  • Von Stackelberg KT (2009) The Roman garden: space, sense, and society. Routledge, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zohary D, Hopf M, Weiss E (2012) Domestication of plants in the Old World: The origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin, 4th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zolitschka B, Behre K-E, Schneider J (2003) Human and climatic impact on the environment as derived from colluvial, fluvial and lacustrine archives—examples from the Bronze Age to the Migration period, Germany. Quat Sci Rev 22:81–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zucchini M (1967) L’agricoltura ferrarese attraverso i secoli: lineamenti storici. Volpe Editore, Roma

Download references

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Fabrizio Buldrini and Jim Bishop for help with the English language; to Rossella Rinaldi for the map (Fig. 1); to Michael Herchenbach for references on parsley and to Marialetizia Carra for data on rice finds.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41121, Modena, Italy

    Giovanna Bosi & Marta Mazzanti

  2. Laboratorio di Archeobiologia, Musei Civici di Como, via Vittorio Emanuele II 97, 2210, Como, Italy

    Elisabetta Castiglioni & Mauro Rottoli

  3. NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina, 61, 90133, Palermo, Italy

    Giovanna Bosi

Authors
  1. Giovanna Bosi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elisabetta Castiglioni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marta Mazzanti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mauro Rottoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by all authors. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GB, MR and EC. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giovanna Bosi.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Communicated by F. Schmidt.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 241 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bosi, G., Castiglioni, E., Mazzanti, M. et al. New crops in the 1st millennium ce in northern Italy. Veget Hist Archaeobot (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-023-00955-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-023-00955-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation