Abstract
Changing abiotic conditions can affect the phenology of animals and plants with implications for their reproductive output, especially in rapidly changing regions like the Arctic. For instance in arthropods, it was recently shown that females of the spider species Pardosa glacialis (Thorell 1872) (Lycosidae) are able to produce two clutches within one growing season in years when snowmelt occurs particularly early. This phenomenon could be widespread in northern latitudes, and here we investigated the voltinism of two other very abundant species of wolf spiders in the Low-Arctic, Pardosa hyperborea (Thorell 1872) and Pardosa furcifera (Thorell 1875), over the period 2015–2017. Whilst a bimodal pattern in the clutch size frequency distribution was only revealed for P. hyperborea, we were able to show that both species can produce a second clutch over the active season by using information on the embryonic stages. We also observed significantly larger first than second clutches. We argue that information about the embryonic stage can be critical for evaluating evidence of wolf spider populations producing more than one clutch in a season. Our study provides evidence that bivoltinism could be a more widespread pattern than expected in Arctic wolf spiders. It remains to be investigated what the trophic consequences of such patterns are in a global warming context. We thus highlight the need for a coordinated framework for such further studies, integrating and relating various functional traits.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Arctic Research Centre at Aarhus University and ECOBIO from the University of Rennes 1 for supporting this project, and the Natural History Museum Aarhus for access to laboratory facilities and for storing samples. NV acknowledges funding from Erasmus+ program and financial support from ECOBIO. We also thank our reviewers Yuri Marusik and Matthias Foellmer for helpful feedback on this manuscript.
Funding
An Erasmus + grant allowed NV to complete an internship, as part of a master’s degree, which led to the writing of this manuscript. Travel from University of Rennes 1 to Aarhus University was funded by ECOBIO (UR1).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The monitoring program at Narsarsuaq is led by TTH and carried out by numerous field assistants. All specimens were identified by CM. Data were generated, analysed, and interpreted by NV under the supervision of TTH and JP. Analyses were carried out by NV in collaboration with TTH and JP. The first draft of the manuscript was written by NV. All authors contributed to article revision and final approval.
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Viel, N., Mielec, C., Pétillon, J. et al. Multiple reproductive events in female wolf spiders Pardosa hyperborea and Pardosa furcifera in the Low-Arctic: one clutch can hide another. Polar Biol 45, 143–148 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02963-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02963-9