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Binary mixtures of anionic double-chain sulfonate emulsifiers in VCM emulsion polymerization with high solid content: effect of emulsifier’s combination ratio and concentration

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Abstract

Binary mixtures of anionic double-chain sulfonate emulsifiers, sodium di-isodecyl sulfosuccinate and sodium pentadecan-sulfonate (SPS) were employed in batch reactor at different combination ratios and concentration for vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization. Reaction performances were evaluated by monitoring conversion rate and molecular weight by K-value parameter. Particle size and its distribution were investigated as a criterion for particle nucleation and the growing process by calculating the number of latex particles and the average number of growing chains per particle, respectively. The final latexes were evaluated by means of the coarse matter content as a qualitative character of the latex. The results showed that the overall reaction rate increases by high amount of SPS. Also, by increasing SPS content in binary mixture, coarse particle formation decreased and latex stability and particle size distribution increased. Furthermore, it has been found that the particle size was nonlinearly dependent on the combined ratio and amount of emulsifier and has shown a minimum within the scope of the study.

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Abbreviations

A min :

Minimum area per head group

C :

Concentration of PVC in cyclohexanone for K-value determination

C E :

Concentration of emulsifier in water

CMCL :

First minimum of CMC region

CMCH :

First maximum of CMC region

C MP :

Overall monomer concentration in the polymer particles at interval II

Ć MP :

Overall monomer concentration in the polymer particles at interval III

C M,0 :

Initial monomer concentration (moles per unit volume of the continuous phase)

d i :

Diameter of particle with index i

\(\bar{d}_{\text{pswol}}\) :

Particles diameter swelled with monomer

\(\bar{d}_{\text{v}}\) :

Volume average particle diameter

\(\bar{d}_{\text{w}}\) :

Weight average particle diameter

EM:

Weight ratio of emulsifier to VCM in percentage

K p :

Coefficient of propagation rate

K-value:

A measure of molecular weight for PVC

M M :

Molecular weight of the monomer

M/W:

Weight ratio of monomer to water

n :

Number of species formed in solution considering the dissociation per monomer

\(\bar{n}\) :

Average number of growing chain per particle

n i :

Number of particles with diameter di

N p :

Number of latex particles per unit volume of the aqueous phase

N pm :

Number of latex particles per unit mass of the polymer

N av :

Avogadro’s number

P :

Pressure

PDI:

Particle diameter polydispersity index

P/W:

Weight ratio of polymer to water

R :

Gas constant

R p :

Polymerization rate per unit volume of the continuous phase

SC:

Solid content

SC (initial):

Solid content at the beginning of reaction

SC (final):

Solid content at the end of reaction

SC (t):

Solid content at time t

t 0 :

Efflux time of the pure solvent

t E :

Efflux time of the solution

T :

Temperature

X c :

Critical conversion

Xov(t):

Overall mass conversion at time t

κ :

Conductivity

Γmax :

Surface excess concentration

γ :

Surface tension

ρ P :

Average density of the polymer

ρ W :

Density of water

ρ m :

Density of monomer

θ(t):

Overall molar conversion at time t

E:

Emulsifier

M:

Monomer

p:

Polymer

w:

Water

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

DM water:

Demineralized water

E-PVC:

PVC produced by emulsion polymerization

K-value:

A measure of molecular weight for PVC

PSD:

Particle size distribution

PVC:

Poly (vinyl chloride)

SDBS:

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate

SDIDS:

Sodium di-isodecyl sulfosuccinate

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SPS:

Sodium pentadecan-sulfonate

VCM:

Vinyl chloride monomer

VR:

Viscosity ratio

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Arvand Petrochemical Company, under Project No. 0873229604, and Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI) (Project No. 43751113). The authors would like to thank Dr. A. Nodehi from the department of polymerization engineering, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI) for his helpful discussions and APC colleagues A. Alemohammad and J. Sharifi for their sincere aid.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Polymerization Engineering, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), Tehran, 1497713115, Iran

    Aliasghar Mahdavi Akerdi & Mehdi Nekoomanesh Haghighi

  2. Department of Research and Technology, Arvand Petrochemical Company (APC), Mahshahr, 6356178734, Iran

    Aliasghar Mahdavi Akerdi

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Correspondence to Mehdi Nekoomanesh Haghighi.

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Mahdavi Akerdi, A., Nekoomanesh Haghighi, M. Binary mixtures of anionic double-chain sulfonate emulsifiers in VCM emulsion polymerization with high solid content: effect of emulsifier’s combination ratio and concentration. Polym. Bull. 77, 2697–2718 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02879-9

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