Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The effects of feeding ratio on final properties of vinyl acetate-based latexes via semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
Colloid and Polymer Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Semi-continuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate and dioctyl maleate (VAc/DOM) (60/40, w/w) was carried out with pre-emulsion feeding using potassium persulfate as an initiator. The influence of emulsifier type and its initial ratio were studied and the mixture of non-ionic emulsifiers; 30 and 10 mol ethoxylated nonylphenol (NP30 and NP10) at a ratio of 50/50 (w/w) provided better pre-emulsion and polymerization stability, and also final latex stability. In addition, two series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of initiator and reactive surfactant, oligomeric N-methylol acrylamide (o-NMA) amount in the initial reactor charge on the latex properties. By increasing the initial initiator amount from 10 to 50 wt%, the average particle size of the latexes decreased from 203 to 143 nm. As expected, the amount of initiator strongly affected the particle charge and the highest zeta potential value was obtained when 50 wt% of the initiator was initially present in the reactor, showing the increased latex stability. On the other hand, it was detected that the colloidal properties of the copolymer latexes were significantly affected by the change of initial charge of o-NMA. The o-NMA amount exceeding 50 wt% caused coagulation. When all o-NMA was initially fed, the highest viscosity value, 9878 cP; lowest zeta potential value, − 5 mV; and the highest surface tension value, 37.5 mN m−1, were obtained. Consequently, the change in the initial charge of emulsifier, initiator, and reactive surfactant has played an important role on the colloidal stability of VAc/DOM latexes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fitch RM (2003) A personal history of chemically functional polymer colloids: formation, characterization, and applications. Polym React Eng 11(4):911–953. https://doi.org/10.1081/PRE-120026381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Pedro HHA, Claudia S, Elba C, Alexandre FS, Montserrat F (2006) Investigation of stabilization and kinetics in the semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate using carboxylic monomers. Macromol Symp 245–246:61–67

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chern CS (2006) Emulsion polymerization mechanisms and kinetics. Prog Polym Sci 31(5):443–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.02.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sajjadi S, Brooks BW (2000) Semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate. II. Effects of emulsifier distribution. J Appl Polym Sci 79:582–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lazaridis N, Alexopoulos AH, Kiparissides C (2001) Semi-batch emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate using oligomeric nonionic surfactants. Macromol Chem Phys 202:2614–2622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wu XQ, Schork FJ (2000) Batch and semibatch mini/macroemulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and comonomers. Indian Eng Res 39(8):2855–2865. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie990861k

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Al-Bagoury M, Yaacoub EJ (2004) Semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization of 3-o-methacryloyl-1,2:5,6-di-o-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose (3-MDG) and butyl acrylate (BA) by pre-emulsion addition technique. Eur Polym J 40(11):2617–2627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.06.015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sajjadi S, Brooks BW (1999) Semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate. I. Effect of monomer distribution. J Appl Polym Sci 74(13):3094–3095. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991220)74:13<3094::AID-APP12>3.0.CO;2-Z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bakhshi H, Bouhendi H, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Kabiri K (2010) Semibatch emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate: effect of operating variables. J Appl Polym Sci 117:2771–2780

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Erbil HY (2000) Vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization and copolymerization with acrylic monomers. CRC Pres, Florida

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. Palma MSA (2007) Effect of monomer feed rate on the properties of the copolymer butyl acrylate/vinyl acetate in semi-batch emulsion polymerization. Indian J Chem Technol 14:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  12. Snuparek J, Bradna P, Mrkvıckova L, Lednicky F, Quadrat O (1995) Effect of initial polymerization conditions on the structure of ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer latex particles. Collect Czechoslov Chem Commun 60(10):1756–1764. https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19951756

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chern CS, Hsu H (1995) Semibatch emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 55(4):571–581. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070550404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nicole RB, Charles EF (2007) Cross-linking poly[(vinyl acetate)-co-n-methylolacrylamide] latex adhesive performance part I: N-methylolacrylamide (NMA) distrubition. Int J Adhes Adhes 27(7):547–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Tang L, Yang J, Zhang S, Yang J, Wu Y (2004) Emulsifier-minor Emulsion copolymerization of BA-MMA-St-MAA(or AA)-N-MA. J Appl Polym Sci 92(5):2923–2929. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chern CS, Chen YC (1996) Semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate by a polymerizable surfactant stabililized. Polym J 28(7):627–632. https://doi.org/10.1295/polymj.28.627

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Krishnan S, Klein A, El-Aasser MS, Sudol ED (2005) Ultracentrifugation method to measure water-soluble monomer ıncorporation in latex. Colloid Polym Sci 283(8):836–844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-004-1167-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Donescu D, Fusulan L, Gosa K, Ciupitou A (1994) Semicontinous emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate. XII. Copolymerization with acid comonomers. Rev Roum Chim 39:843–849

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sindt O, Gauthier C, Hamaide T, Guyot A (2000) Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerization. XVI Emulsion copolymerization of styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid in the presence of simple maleate reactive surfactants. J Appl Polym Sci 77:2768–2776

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Morizur JF, Irvine DJ, Rawlins JJ, Mathias LJ (2007) Synthesis of new acrylate-based nonionic surfrmers and their use in heterophase polymerization. Macromolecules 40(25):8938–8946. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0717486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Aramendia E, Barandiaran MJ, Grade J, Blease T, Asua JM (2002) Polymerization of high-solids-content acrylic latexes using a nonionic polymerizable surfactant. J Polym Sci: Part A 40:1552–1559

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Chern CS, Chen YC (1997) Stability of the polymerizable surfactant stabilized latex particles during semibatch emulsion polymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 275(2):124–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003960050061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Xu XJ, Goh HL, Siow KS, Gan LM (2001) Synthesis of polymerizable anionic surfactants and their emulsion copolymerization with styrene. Langmuir 17:6077–6085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Guyot A, Tauer K, Asua JM, Van S, Gauthier C, Hellgren AC, Sherrington DC, Goni AM, Sjoberg M, Sindt O, Vidal F, Unzue M, Schoonbroad H, Shipper E, Desmazes PL (1999) Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerization. Acta Polym 50(2-3):57–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990201)50:2/3<57::AID-APOL57>3.0.CO;2-Y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Tamer Y, Yamak HB, Yıldırım H (2016) Structural and physicochemical properties of a polymerizable surfactant synthesized from N-methylol acrylamide. J Surfactant Deterg 19(2):405–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-015-1785-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Yamak HB, Tamer Y, Yıldırım H (2016) The effect of maleic acid diesters type on the stability of vinyl acetate emulsion polymers. Colloids Surf A-Physicochem Eng Asp 497:233–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Eliseeva VI, Ivanchev SS, Kuchanov SI, Lebedev AV (1981) Emulsion polymerization and ıts applications in industry. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  28. Kahraman A, Saraç AA (2007) Study on the vinyl acetate-co-butyl acrylate latexes in the presence of N-methylol acrylamide and mixed type emulsifiers. Macromol Symp 254(1):136–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200750821

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Karacetin G, Saraç A (2015) Semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate with nonionic surfactants (triton X series). Macromol Symp 352(1):72–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201400156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Saiga T, Suzuki A, Kikuchi K, Okaya T (2005) Surface sulfate groups on poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate) particles from soap-free emulsion polymerization. E-Polymers 5(1):077. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly.2005.5.1.811

  31. Urban D, ve Takamura K (2002) Polymer dispersions and their industrial applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600582

    Book  Google Scholar 

  32. Chern CS, Lin FY (1996) Stability of carboxylated poly(butyl acrylate) latices during semibatch emulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 61(6):989–1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960808)61:6<989::AID-APP13>3.0.CO;2-Q

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hong CK, Hwang MJ, Ryu DW, Moon H (2008) Preparation of copolymer particles by emulsion polymerization using a polymerizable amphiphilic macromonomer. Colloid Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp 331(3):250–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.08.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Desmazes PL, Guyot A (1997) Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerization. Part XXII-incorporation of macromonomers used as stabilizers in styrene dispersion polymerization. Polym Adv Technol 8(10):608–615. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199710)8:10<608::AID-PAT715>3.0.CO;2-#

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Gilanyi T (1995) Fluctuating micelles: a theory of surfactant aggregation 2. Ionic Surfactant Colloid Surf A 103:119–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Thenoz F, Soula O, Guyot A (1999) Reactive surfactants in heterophase polymerization. XXV. Core–shell lattices stabilized with a mixture of maleic anionic and styrenic nonionic surfactants. J Polym Sci Part A 37(13):2251–2262. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19990701)37:13<2251::AID-POLA40>3.0.CO;2-R

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Novak RW (1988) Semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate: effect of functional monomers. Adv Org Coat Sci Technol 10:54–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Betina GZR, Elenera LS, Henri C, Eric C, Redouane B, Valdir S (2008) The role of surfactant in miniemulsion polymerization of biodegradable polyurethane nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng 28:526–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey

    Hale Berber

  2. Department of Polymer Engineering, Yalova University, 77100, Yalova, Turkey

    Yasemin Tamer & Hüseyin Yildirim

Authors
  1. Hale Berber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yasemin Tamer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hüseyin Yildirim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hale Berber.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Berber, H., Tamer, Y. & Yildirim, H. The effects of feeding ratio on final properties of vinyl acetate-based latexes via semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization. Colloid Polym Sci 296, 211–221 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-017-4241-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-017-4241-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation