Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Solar energy tube processing of lemon residues for use as fillers in polyester-based green composites

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polymer Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, we utilized a solar energy tube for the processing of lemon residues, which was used as a filler in polyester-based green composites. Lemon residues powder (LRP) was obtained by in-water grinding. We evaluated the biodegradability, morphology, and thermal and mechanical properties of composite materials made by melt-blending glycidyl methacrylate-grafted poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT-g-GMA) with coupling agent-treated lemon residues powder (TLRP). Composites containing PBAT-g-GMA and TLRP exhibited noticeably superior mechanical properties due to the significant compatibility between these two components. The dispersion of TLRP in the PBAT-g-GMA matrix was highly homogeneous as a result of ether formation between PBAT-g-GMA and TLRP and the consequent creation of branched and cross-linked macromolecules. Water resistance of PBAT-g-GMA/TLRP was greater than that of PBAT/LRP, although the weight loss of composites buried in soil compost indicated that both were biodegradable, even at high levels of LRP or TLRP substitution. The PBAT-g-GMA/TLRP membranes were more biodegradable than those made of PBAT, implying a strong connection between these characteristics and biodegradability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jiang N, Jin LF, Silva JATD, Islam MZ, Gao HW, Liu YZ, Peng SA (2014) Activities of enzymes directly related with sucrose and citric acid metabolism in citrus fruit in response to soil plastic film mulch. Sci Hortic 168:73–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Robles JM, Botía P, Pérez-Pérez JG (2017) Sour orange rootstock increases water productivity in deficit irrigated ‘Verna’ lemon trees compared with Citrus macrophylla. Agric Water Manag 186:98–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Interdonato R, Rosa M, Nieva CB, González JA, Hilal M, Prado FE (2011) Effects of low UV-B doses on the accumulation of UV-B absorbing compounds and total phenolics and carbohydrate metabolism in the peel of harvested lemons. Environ Exp Bot 70:204–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Fu JT, Chang YH, Shiau SY (2015) Rheological, antioxidative and sensory properties of dough and Mantou (steamed bread) enriched with lemon fiber. LWT Food Sci Technol 61:56–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Sendra E, Fayos P, Lario Y, Fernández-López J, Sayas-Barberá E, Pérez-Alvarez JA (2008) Incorporation of citrus fibers in fermented milk containing probiotic bacteria. Food Microbiol 25:13–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hilal M, Rodríguez-Montelongo L, Rosa M, Gallardo M, González JA, Interdonato R, Rapisarda VA, Prado FE (2008) Solar and supplemental UV-B radiation effects in lemon peel UV-B-absorbing compound content—seasonal variations. Photochem Photobiol 84:1480–1486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sharma K, Mahato N, Cho MH, Lee YR (2017) Converting citrus wastes into value-added products: economic and environmentally friendly approaches. Nutrition 34:29–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gómez B, Gullón B, Yáñez R, Schols H, Alonso JL (2016) Prebiotic potential of pectins and pectic oligosaccharides derived from lemon peel wastes and sugar beet pulp: a comparative evaluation. J Funct Foods 20:108–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sabiha MA, Saidur R, Mekhilef S, Mahian O (2015) Progress and latest developments of evacuated tube solar collectors. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 51:1038–1054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Misha S, Mat S, Ruslan MH, Salleh E, Sopian K (2016) Performance of a solar-assisted solid desiccant dryer for oil palm fronds drying. Sol Energy 132:415–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Yen HY, Lin YC (2017) Green extraction of Cymbopogon citrus essential oil by solar energy. Ind Crops Prod 108:716–721

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sokhansefat T, Kasaeian A, Rahmani K, Heidari AH, Aghakhani F, Mahian O (2018) Thermoeconomic and environmental analysis of solar flat plate and evacuated tube collectors in cold climatic conditions. Renew Energy 115:501–508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Tian Z, Perers B, Furbo S, Fan J (2018) Analysis and validation of a quasi-dynamic model for a solar collector field with flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors in series for district heating. Energy 142:130–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Wu D, Hakkarainen M (2015) Recycling PLA to multifunctional oligomeric compatibilizers for PLA/starch composites. Eur Polym J 64:126–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lai SM, Kao YH, Liu YK, Chiu FC (2016) Preparation and properties of luffa fiber- and kenaf fiber-filled poly(butylene succinate-co-lactate)/starch blend-based biocomposites. Polym Test 50:191–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang LF, Rhim JW (2016) Grapefruit seed extract incorporated antimicrobial LDPE and PLA films: effect of type of polymer matrix. LWT Food Sci Technol 74:338–345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Yates MR, Barlow CY (2013) Life cycle assessments of biodegradable, commercial biopolymers—a critical review. Resour Conserv Recycl 78:54–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Harding KG, Gounden T, Pretorius S (2017) “Biodegradable” plastics: a myth of marketing? Procedia Manuf 7:106–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Shi XQ, Ito H, Kikutani T (2005) Characterization on mixed-crystal structure and properties of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) biodegradable fibers. Polymer 46(25):11442–11450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Oliveira TA, Oliveira RR, Barbosa R, Azevedo JB, Alves TS (2017) Effect of reprocessing cycles on the degradation of PP/PBAT-thermoplastic starch blends. Carbohydr Polym 168:52–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hazer B (2014) The properties of PLA/oxidized soybean oil polymer blends. J Polym Environ 22(2):200–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Allı S, Aydın RST, Allı A, Hazer B (2015) Biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone)-based graft copolymers via poly(linoleic acid): in vitro enzymatic evaluation. J Am Oil Chem Soc 92(3):449–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Sanal T, Kocak I, Hazer B (2017) Synthesis of comb-type amphiphilic graft copolymers derived from chlorinated poly(e-caprolactone) via click reaction. Polym Bull 74(4):977–995

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hazer B, Baysal BM, Koseoglu AG, Besirli N, Taskın E (2012) Synthesis of polylactide-b-poly (dimethyl siloxane) block copolymers and their blends with pure polylactide. J Polym Environ 20(2):477–484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wei D, Wang H, Ziaee Z, Chibante F, Zheg A, Xiao H (2016) Non-leaching antimicrobial biodegradable PBAT films through a facile and novel approach. Mater Sci Eng, C 58:986–991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Stloukal P, Verney V, Commereuc S, Rychly J, Matisova-Rychlá L, Pis V, Koutny M (2012) Assessment of the interrelation between photooxidation and biodegradation of selected polyesters after artificial weathering. Chemosphere 88(10):1214–1219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cardoso LC, Santos JCP, Camilloto GP, Miranda AL, Druzian JI, Guimarães AG (2017) Development of active films poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate)—PBAT incorporated with oregano essential oil and application in fish fillet preservation. Ind Crops Prod 108:388–397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. García-García D, Carbonell A, Samper MD, García-Sanoguera D, Balart R (2015) Green composites based on polypropylene matrix and hydrophobized spend coffee ground (SCG) powder. Compos Part B Eng 78:256–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rashidova SS, Voropaeva IL, Mukhamedzhanova MY, Reshetnikova IV, Ruban IN (2002) Rheological properties of concentrated solutions of mixtures of lemon pectin with flexible-chain vinyl polymers. Russ J Appl Chem 75(7):1136–1140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. López OV, Versino F, Villar MA, García MA (2015) Agro-industrial residues from starch extraction of Pachyrhizus ahipa as filler of thermoplastic corn starch films. Carbohydr Polym 134:324–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hazer B (1996) Polyw-hydroxynonanoate) and polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate) graft copolymers: microstructure characteristics and mechanical and thermal behavior. Macromol Chem Phys 191(2):431–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Wu CS, Hsu YC, Yeh JT, Liao HT, Jhang JJ, Sie YY (2013) Biocompatibility and characterization of renewable agricultural residues and polyester composites. Carbohydr Polym 94:584–593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Shih YF, Lee WC, Jeng RJ, Huang CM (2006) Water bamboo husk-reinforced poly(butylene succinate) biodegradable composites. J Appl Polym Sci 99(1):188–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Wu CS, Liao HT, Cai YX (2017) Characterisation, biodegradability and application of palm fibre-reinforced polyhydroxyalkanoate composites. Polym Degrad Stab 140:55–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ravichandran CT, Revathi E, Ulaganathan S (2016) Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable aliphatic and aromaticcopolyesterspoly ethylene succinate-co-ethylenesebacate), poly (butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate). IJAASR 1(2):17–21

    Google Scholar 

  36. Fan X, Jia X, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang B, Zhang H, Zhang Q (2017) Morphology evolution of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) colloids in the 1,1-diphenylethene controlled soap-free emulsion polymerization. Eur Polym J 92:220–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rondeau-Mouro C, Bouchet B, Pontoire B, Robert P, Mazoyer J, Buléon A (2003) Structural features and potential texturising properties of lemon and maize cellulose microfibrils. Carbohydr Polym 53(3):241–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Liu XL, Tsunega S, Jin RH (2017) Unexpected “Hammerlike Liquid” to pulverize silica powders to stable sols and its application in the preparation of sub-10 nm SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles with chirality. ACS Omega 2(4):1431–1440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wu CS (2015) Preparation, characterisation, and controlled-release of biodegradable polyester and marine-algae composite. J Polym Environ 23(3):356–366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wu CS, Liao HT, Jhang JJ, Yeh JT, Huang CY, Wang SL (2013) Thermal properties and characterization of surface-treated RSF-reinforced polylactide composites. Polym Bull 70(11):3221–3239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Shih YF, Huang CC, Chen PW (2010) Biodegradable green composites reinforced by the fiber recycling from disposable chopsticks. Mater Sci Eng, A 527:1516–1521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Maslinda AB, Abdul Majid MS, Ridzuan MJM, Afendi M, Gibson AG (2017) Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hybrid interwoven cellulosic–cellulosic fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Compos Struct 167:227–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author thanks the National Science Council (Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC) for financial support (MOST 106-2221-E-244 -008 -MY2).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung City, 82101, Taiwan, ROC

    Chin-San Wu

Authors
  1. Chin-San Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chin-San Wu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wu, CS. Solar energy tube processing of lemon residues for use as fillers in polyester-based green composites. Polym. Bull. 75, 5745–5761 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-018-2359-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-018-2359-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation