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Carbendazim Modulates the Metabolically Active Bacterial Populations in Soil and Rhizosphere

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Abstract

The impact of fungicide residues on non-target soil bacterial communities is relatively unexplained. We hypothesize that the persistence of fungicide residues in the soil will affect the soil bacterial populations. Persistence depends on biotic and abiotic factors, primarily determined by agricultural activities. Activities such as fallow soil (F), farmyard manure (FYM) amendment, rice straw (RS) mulching, and cultivation of maize (Zea mays) and clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) were used as treatments. The soil CO2 efflux showed no effect of Carbendazim on dormant bacteria (unwatered condition). However, in irrigated condition, Carbendazim enhanced the CO2 efflux by 8, 164, 131, 249, and 182% in fallow, FYM, RS, maize, and Trifolium treatments, respectively. However, 16S rRNA metagenome study after 30 days of carbendazim treatment showed that maize rhizosphere microflora was most susceptible, decreasing the Shannon diversity index from 0.321 to 0.165. Diversity indices generally increased in maize and RS treatments, and Proteobacteria was the most prominent bacterial phyla in the maize rhizosphere. The microbial communities separated into distinct groups on the Principal Co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) plot. The separation on scale 1 (35%) and scale 2 (13%) was based, respectively, on microbial activity and carbendazim treatments. Functionally Maize+Carbendazim treatment showed the highest enzyme activities dehydrogenase (82.25%), acid phosphatase (78.10%), alkaline phosphatase (48.26%), β-glucosidase (59.99%), protease (126.65%), and urease (50.66%) compared to fallow soil. Overall, Carbendazim enhanced non-target bacterial activity in metabolically active niches, while it did not affect the dormant microflora. Thus, organic amendments and cultivation of fungicide-contaminated soil may help render the contaminant through bacterial activity.

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Data Availability

The generated datasets during the present study are available in the NCBI database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA846527) under the BioProject number PRJNA846527 for Fallow Carbendazim (SRX15620366), Fallow Control (SRX15620367), FYM Control (SRX15620365), FYM Carbendazim (SRX15620364), RS Carbendazim (SRX15620362), RS Control (SRX15620363), Maize Carbendazim (SRX15620361), Maize Control (SRX15620360), Berseem Control (TriCont) (SRX17824939) and Berseem Carbendazim (TriCarb) (SRX17824938) samples.

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Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Director, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India for providing all the necessary facilities. SK and UY acknowledge AcSIR and fellowship grant from UGC-CSIR. This research was supported by in-house OLP project funded by CSIR, New Delhi. We thank the ethical committee, CSIR-NBRI, for evaluating the manuscript and providing MS No. CSIR-NBRI_MS/2023/02/04. Furthermore, we also thank Integral University for providing MCN no. IU/R&D/2023-MCN0001916.

Funding

SK and UY acknowledge AcSIR and a fellowship grant from UGC-CSIR. This research was supported by in-house OLP project OLP funded by CSIR, New Delhi.

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  1. Amita Dubey

    Present address: Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi Rd, Lucknow, 226026, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Microbial Technology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India

    Soni Chauhan, Udit Yadav, Nasreen Bano, Sanjeev Kumar, Touseef Fatima,  Anshu & Poonam C. Singh

  2. Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi Rd, Lucknow, 226026, India

    Soni Chauhan & Touseef Fatima

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All authors contributed to the study: Conceptualization: PCS and SC; Methodology: NB, TF, SK, and AG; Writing of the original draft & preparation: SC, UY, and PCS; Writing, reviewing, and editing of the manuscript: PCS, AD, and UY; Funding acquisition, Resources, and Supervision: PCS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Chauhan, S., Yadav, U., Bano, N. et al. Carbendazim Modulates the Metabolically Active Bacterial Populations in Soil and Rhizosphere. Curr Microbiol 80, 280 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03391-0

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