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Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and the Link Between Gut Microbiota and CNS

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Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system (CNS) lesions that can lead to severe neurological defects. Evidence is mounting that immune function is crucial in neuroinflammatory illnesses like MS. Through its impact on systemic immunological reactions, the large microbial population known as the gut microbiota has been linked to both human health and disease. The gut-brain axis (GBA) therefore encompasses neurological, immunological, and hormonal pathways, and microbiota can have a number of effects on the immune system, influencing MS. Recent research revealed a bidirectional relationship between metabolites originating from the gut microbiota, namely short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Intestinal epithelial cells are influenced by SCFAs, which also boosts the secretion of -Defensins and regenerating islet-derived III (REGIII) proteins. These proteins reduce intestinal pathogens, induce T-reg differentiation, and modulate immune responses by reducing IL-1 and IL-6 expression and increasing IL-10. Nutrition and psychological stress are two of the most significant elements that can directly and indirectly change the microbiota compositions along with other environmental influencing factors. An important regulator of intestinal physiology in the gut-brain-microbiota axis is butyrate, a well-known SCFA. Intestinal dysbiosis, altered intestinal barrier function, behavioral abnormalities, and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are all brought on by exposure. Probiotics, bacterial metabolite supplementation, fecal matter transplantation, defined microbial communities, and dietary intervention are some methods for modifying the composition of the gut microbiota that may be used to affect disease-related immune dysfunction and serve as the foundation for a new class of therapeutics.

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Acknowledgements

Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.

Funding

This research is not supported by a specific project grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Bahman Yousefi

  2. Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Ali Babaeizad, Seyedeh Zahra Banihashemian & Zahra Khatibiyan Feyzabadi

  3. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Mehdi Dadashpour

  4. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Daryoush Pahlevan

  5. Food Safety Research Center (Salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Majid Eslami

  6. Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Hadi Ghaffari & Majid Eslami

Authors
  1. Bahman Yousefi
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  2. Ali Babaeizad
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  3. Seyedeh Zahra Banihashemian
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  8. Majid Eslami
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Contributions

ME: Investigate and supervised the findings of this work, wrote the article. Provided critical feedback and helped the analysis of the manuscript, BY: Designed the study, helped supervise the project, and conceived the original idea. Discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. AB: Developed the theoretical framework. Processed the experimental data. SZB and ZKF: Contributed to the final version of the manuscript. Supervised the project, contributed to the interpretation of the results, MD, HG and DP: Contributed to the final version of the manuscript. Supervised the project.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Majid Eslami.

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Yousefi, B., Babaeizad, A., Banihashemian, S.Z. et al. Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and the Link Between Gut Microbiota and CNS. Curr Microbiol 80, 38 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-022-03150-7

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