Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Neuroblastoma

  • Published:
World Journal of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As a neuroendocrine tumor, neuroblastoma expresses various gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neurotensin, and somatostatin, which exert diverse cellular functions in neuroblastoma. In particular, we have recently found that GRP and its cell surface receptor, GRP-R, are abundantly expressed in neuroblastomas. Moreover, more advanced-stage neuroblastomas demonstrated an increased level of GRP-R, suggesting an important role of GRP in aggressive tumor behavior. This review describes the role of several GI hormones commonly expressed in neuroblastoma and discusses in depth the mitogenic actions of GRP in neuroblastoma. In addition, the molecular mechanisms involved in the GRP-induced stimulation of neuroblastoma cell growth are discussed. Our study results demonstrate a role of GRP as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor and elucidate involvement of specific intracellular signaling, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, in the growth regulation of neuroblastoma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. GM Brodeur (2003) ArticleTitleNeuroblastoma: biological insights into a clinical enigma Nat. Rev. Cancer. 3 203–216 Occurrence Handle10.1038/nrc1014 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsFGhtr0%3D Occurrence Handle12612655

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. M Schwab F Westermann B Hero et al. (2003) ArticleTitleNeuroblastoma: biology and molecular and chromosomal pathology Lancet Oncol 4 472–480 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1470-2045(03)01166-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvFGjurw%3D Occurrence Handle12901961

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. M Schwab K Alitalo KH Klempnauer et al. (1983) ArticleTitleAmplified DNA with limited homology to myc cellular oncogene is shared by human neuroblastoma cell lines and a neuroblastoma tumour Nature 305 245–248 Occurrence Handle10.1038/305245a0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlsFeit78%3D Occurrence Handle6888561

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. GM Brodeur RC Seeger M Schwab et al. (1984) ArticleTitleAmplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage Science 224 1121–1124 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiuC1Mnkt1E%3D Occurrence Handle6719137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. RC Seeger GM Brodeur H Sather et al. (1985) ArticleTitleAssociation of multiple copies of the N-myc oncogene with rapid progression of neuroblastomas N Engl J Med 313 1111–1116 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BimD3Mvis1c%3D Occurrence Handle4047115

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. MM Van Noesel ParticleVan R. Versteeg (2004) ArticleTitlePediatric neuroblastomas: genetic and epigenetic “danse macabre.” Gene 325 1–15 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.gene.2003.09.042 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpvFeqtbc%3D Occurrence Handle14697505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. A Nakagawara M Arima-Nakagawara NJ Scavarda et al. (1993) ArticleTitleAssociation between high levels of expression of the TRK gene and favorable outcome in human neuroblastoma N. Engl. J. Med. 328 847–854 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJM199303253281205 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyC1c%2Fos1I%3D Occurrence Handle8441429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. P Kogner G Barbany C Dominici et al. (1993) ArticleTitleCoexpression of messenger RNA for TRK protooncogene and low affinity nerve growth factor receptor in neuroblastoma with favorable prognosis Cancer Res 53 2044–2050 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXkt1Glsb4%3D Occurrence Handle8481906

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. A Nakagawara M Arima CG Azar et al. (1992) ArticleTitleInverse relationship between trk expression and N-myc amplification in human neuroblastomas Cancer Res 52 1364–1368 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2C2crmvFw%3D Occurrence Handle1737399

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. P Kogner (1995) ArticleTitleNeuropeptides in neuroblastomas and ganglioneuromas Prog. Brain Res. 104 325–338 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XnsVSjug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8552777

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. JM Maris KK Matthay (1999) ArticleTitleMolecular biology of neuroblastoma J. Clin. Oncol. 17 2264–2279 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkvVSmu7w%3D Occurrence Handle10561284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. SI Said V Mutt (1970) ArticleTitlePolypeptide with broad biological activity: isolation from small intestine Science 169 1217–1218 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXltFKntbY%3D Occurrence Handle5450698

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. CA Ottaway (1992) ArticleTitleInsertion and internalization of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in murine CD4 T lymphocytes Regul. Pept. 41 49–59 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0167-0115(92)90513-T Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xmt1Klu7w%3D Occurrence Handle1360688

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. P Gourlet JP Vilardaga P Neef ParticleDe et al. (1996) ArticleTitleThe C-terminus ends of secretin and VIP interact with the N-terminal domains of their receptors Peptides 17 825–829 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0196-9781(96)00107-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xkslyht7s%3D Occurrence Handle8844773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. JC Reubi (2000) ArticleTitleIn vitro evaluation of VIP/PACAP receptors in healthy and diseased human tissues: clinical implications Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 921 1–25 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntVaitA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11193811

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. P Vertongen C Devalck E Sariban et al. (1996) ArticleTitlePituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide and its receptors are expressed in human neuroblastomas J. Cell. Physiol. 167 36–46 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199604)167:1<36::AID-JCP4>3.0.CO;2-D Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhvVSntL0%3D Occurrence Handle8698838

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. JC Reubi U Laderach B Waser et al. (2000) ArticleTitleVasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtypes in human tumors and their tissues of origin Cancer Res 60 3105–3112 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjvFOltLc%3D Occurrence Handle10850463

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. SI Said GR Faloona (1975) ArticleTitleElevated plasma and tissue levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the watery-diarrhea syndrome due to pancreatic, bronchogenic and other tumors N Engl J Med 293 155–160 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXlt12kuro%3D Occurrence Handle166313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. P Bjellerup E Theodorsson P Kogner (1995) ArticleTitleSomatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma: chromatographic characterisation and release during surgery Eur J Cancer 31A 481–485 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0959-8049(95)00074-S Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymD1M7gt1M%3D Occurrence Handle7576950

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. JC Pence NA Shorter (1990) ArticleTitleIn vitro differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells caused by vasoactive intestinal peptide Cancer Res 50 5177–5183 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXltV2lt7c%3D Occurrence Handle2379178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. MS O’Dorisio DJ Fleshman SJ Qualman et al. (1992) ArticleTitleVasoactive intestinal peptide: autocrine growth factor in neuroblastoma Regul. Pept. 37 213–226 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0167-0115(92)90616-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XhsVCgtbc%3D Occurrence Handle1313595

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. DA Balster MS O’Dorisio AR Albers et al. (2002) ArticleTitleSuppression of tumorigenicity in neuroblastoma cells by upregulation of human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 1 Regul. Pept. 109 155–165 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0167-0115(02)00199-4 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xot1Wrtb4%3D Occurrence Handle12409228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. SJ Qualman MS O’Dorisio DJ Fleshman et al. (1992) ArticleTitleNeuroblastoma: correlation of neuropeptide expression in tumor tissue with other prognostic factors Cancer 70 2005–2012 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2H3crgvFA%3D Occurrence Handle1381992

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. MP La Quaglia (2001) ArticleTitleSurgical management of neuroblastoma Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 10 132–139 Occurrence Handle10.1053/spsu.2001.24889 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mvjtl2ktw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11481650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. E Scheibel C Rechnitzer J Fahrenkrug et al. (1982) ArticleTitleVasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in children with neural crest tumours Acta Paediatr. Scand. 71 721–725 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiyD1MnktFM%3D Occurrence Handle6295059

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. K Tiedemann J Pritchard R Long et al. (1981) ArticleTitleIntractable diarrhoea in a patient with vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting neuroblastoma: attempted control by somatostatin Eur. J. Pediatr. 137 217–219 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:Bi2D2s3otVI%3D Occurrence Handle6118274

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. JC Reubi JC Schaer R Markwalder et al. (1997) ArticleTitleDistribution of somatostatin receptors in normal and neoplastic human tissues: recent advances and potential relevance Yale J. Biol. Med. 70 471–479 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnvVCrs70%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. JC Reubi (2003) ArticleTitlePeptide receptors as molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy Endocr. Rev. 24 389–427 Occurrence Handle10.1210/er.2002-0007 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlKjtbs%3D Occurrence Handle12920149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. AV Schally (1988) ArticleTitleOncological applications of somatostatin analogues Cancer Res. 48 6977–6985 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXjtlOqtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle2903792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. P Borgstrom M Hassan E Wassberg et al. (1999) ArticleTitleThe somatostatin analogue octreotide inhibits neuroblastoma growth in vivo Pediatr. Res. 46 328–332 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlvFSgs7w%3D Occurrence Handle10473050

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. P Kogner P Borgstrom P Bjellerup et al. (1997) ArticleTitleSomatostatin in neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma Eur. J. Cancer 33 2084–2089 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0959-8049(97)00212-8 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjt1KrsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9516858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. CL Moertel JC Reubi BS Scheithauer et al. (1994) ArticleTitleExpression of somatostatin receptors in childhood neuroblastoma Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 102 752–756 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqC3c%2FhtlM%3D Occurrence Handle7801887

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. FH Schilling H Bihl H Jacobsson et al. (2000) ArticleTitleCombined (111)In-pentetreotide scintigraphy and (123)I-mIBG scintigraphy in neuroblastoma provides prognostic information Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 35 688–691 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7htVCluw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11107147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. BM Evers (2002) ArticleTitleEndocrine gene neurotensin: molecular mechanisms and a model of intestinal differentiation World J. Surg. 26 799–805 Occurrence Handle11960215

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. JC Reubi B Waser JC Schaer et al. (1999) ArticleTitleNeurotensin receptors in human neoplasms: high incidence in Ewing’s sarcomas Int. J. Cancer 82 213–218 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzhs1KitQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10389755

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. F Oury-Donat O Thurneyssen N Gonalons et al. (1995) ArticleTitleCharacterization of the effect of SR48692 on inositol monophosphate, cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP responses linked to neurotensin receptor activation in neuronal and non-neuronal cells Br. J. Pharmacol. 116 1899–1905 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXosVaitrw%3D Occurrence Handle8528577

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. K Becken F Berthold (1992) ArticleTitlePlasma neurotensin: lack of a differentiation and tumor marker in children with neuroblastoma Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 9 269–272 Occurrence Handle1525006

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. RP Thomas MR Hellmich CM Townsend SuffixJr et al. (2003) ArticleTitleRole of gastrointestinal hormones in the proliferation of normal and neoplastic tissues Endocr. Rev. 24 571–599 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptFGqtb4%3D Occurrence Handle14570743

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. JP Smith MF Verderame EN Ballard et al. (2004) ArticleTitleFunctional significance of gastrin gene expression in human cancer cells Regul. Pept. 117 167–173 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntVyjug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle14749036

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Y Matsumori N Katakami M Ito et al. (1995) ArticleTitleCholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor: a novel molecular probe for human small cell lung cancer Cancer Res. 55 276–279 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjtFyjsL4%3D Occurrence Handle7812957

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. JC Schaer JC Reubi (1999) ArticleTitleHigh gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) gene expression in human neuronal, renal, and myogenic stem cell tumors: comparison with CCK-A and CCK-B receptor contents J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 233–239 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmslWkuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9920090

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. BC Yegen (2003) ArticleTitleBombesin-like peptides: candidates as diagnostic and therapeutic tools Curr. Pharm. Des. 9 1013–1022 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXivFWjt7Y%3D Occurrence Handle12678868

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. F Cuttitta DN Carney J Mulshine et al. (1985) ArticleTitleBombesin-like peptides can function as autocrine growth factors in human small-cell lung cancer Nature 316 823–826 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXlslamu7c%3D Occurrence Handle2993906

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. RW Alexander JR Upp SuffixJr GJ Poston et al. (1988) ArticleTitleEffects of bombesin on growth of human small cell lung carcinoma in vivo Cancer Res 48 1439–1441 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhvVSmtLc%3D Occurrence Handle2830965

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. M Koppan G Halmos JM Arencibia et al. (1998) ArticleTitleBombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide antagonists RC-3095 and RC-3940-II inhibit tumor growth and decrease the levels and mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor receptors in H-69 small cell lung carcinoma Cancer 83 1335–1343 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXms1Cis7Y%3D Occurrence Handle9762934

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. S Narayan YS Guo CM Townsend SuffixJr et al. (1990) ArticleTitleSpecific binding and growth effects of bombesin-related peptides on mouse colon cancer cells in vitro Cancer Res. 50 6772–6778 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXmt1CrsLk%3D Occurrence Handle2208141

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. S Narayan ER Spindel NH Rubin et al. (1992) ArticleTitleA potent bombesin receptor antagonist inhibits bombesin-stimulated growth of mouse colon cancer cells in vitro: absence of autocrine effects Cell Growth Differ. 3 111–118 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmsVWlurs%3D Occurrence Handle1323998

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. SR Preston LF Woodhouse S Jones-Blackett et al. (1995) ArticleTitleHigh-affinity binding sites for gastrin-releasing peptide on human colorectal cancer tissue but not uninvolved mucosa Br. J. Cancer 71 1087–1089 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmtFKjt7g%3D Occurrence Handle7734305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. RJ Bold HJ Kim J Ishizuka et al. (1998) ArticleTitleA human gastric cancer cell line possesses a functional receptor for gastrin-releasing peptide Cancer Invest 16 12–17 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXht12js7Y%3D Occurrence Handle9474246

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. HJ Kim BM Evers DA Litvak et al. (2000) ArticleTitleSignaling mechanisms regulating bombesin-mediated AP-1 gene induction in the human gastric cancer SIIA Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 279 C326–C334 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmtFyjs7k%3D Occurrence Handle10912998

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. SR Preston LF Woodhouse S Jones-Blackett et al. (1993) ArticleTitleHigh affinity binding sites for gastrin releasing peptide on human gastric cancer and Menetrier’s mucosa Cancer Res. 53 5090–5092 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXivVChsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8221641

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. R Markwalder JC Reubi (1999) ArticleTitleGastrin-releasing peptide receptors in the human prostate: relation to neoplastic transformation Cancer Res. 59 1152–1159 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhslertrc%3D Occurrence Handle10070977

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. T Yano J Pinski K Groot et al. (1992) ArticleTitleStimulation by bombesin and inhibition by bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide antagonist RC-3095 of growth of human breast cancer cell lines Cancer Res. 52 4545–4547 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xls1Cgsbw%3D Occurrence Handle1643647

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. M Miyazaki N Lamharzi AV Schally et al. (1998) ArticleTitleInhibition of growth of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenografts in nude mice by bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3095 Eur. J. Cancer 34 710–717 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjslOksbs%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. A Hajri M Koenig G Balboni et al. (1996) ArticleTitleExpression and characterization of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in normal and cancerous pancreas Pancreas 12 25–35 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymH3c3ptVY%3D Occurrence Handle8927617

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. D Parekh J Ishizuka CM Townsend SuffixJr et al. (1994) ArticleTitleCharacterization of a human pancreatic carcinoid in vitro: morphology, amine and peptide storage, and secretion Pancreas 9 83–90 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuC2M7ivVA%3D Occurrence Handle8108375

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Y Qin T Ertl RZ Cai et al. (1995) ArticleTitleAntagonists of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide inhibit growth of SW-1990 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma and production of cyclic AMP Int. J. 63 257–262 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpsl2kt7c%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. JA Sebesta A Young J Bullock et al. (2001) ArticleTitleGastrin-releasing peptide: a potential growth factor expressed in human neuroblastoma tumors(1) Curr. Surg. 58 86–89 Occurrence Handle11226544

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. S Kim W Hu DR Kelly et al. (2002) ArticleTitleGastrin-releasing peptide is a growth factor for human neuroblastomas Ann. Surg. 235 621–629 Occurrence Handle11981207

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. G Sorrentino IN Singh R Massarelli et al. (1996) ArticleTitleStimulation of phospholipase C activity by norepinephrine, t-ACPD and bombesin in LA-N-2 cells Eur. J. Pharmacol. 308 81–86 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XktVOnuro%3D Occurrence Handle8836635

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. S Kim J Kang J Qiao et al. (2004) ArticleTitlePhosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition down-regulates survivin and facilitates TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in neuroblastomas J. Pediatr. Surg. 39 516–521 Occurrence Handle15065019

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. S Kim J Kang W Hu et al. (2003) ArticleTitleGeldanamycin decreases Raf-1 and Akt levels and induces apoptosis in neuroblastomas Int. J. Cancer 103 352–359 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht1yjuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle12471618

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Karen Martin for manuscript preparation. This work was supported by the grants RO1 DK64170, RO1 DK48498, PO1 DK35608, and T32 DK07639 from the National Institutes of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA

    W. Clay Gustafson Ph.D., Brittany B. De Berry M.D., B. Mark Evers M.D. & Dai H. Chung M.D.

  2. Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas, 77555, USA

    B. Mark Evers M.D. & Dai H. Chung M.D.

Authors
  1. W. Clay Gustafson Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brittany B. De Berry M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. Mark Evers M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dai H. Chung M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dai H. Chung M.D..

Additional information

This work was presented at the Molecular Surgeon Symposium, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas September 2003.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gustafson, W.C., De Berry, B.B., Evers, B.M. et al. Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Neuroblastoma. World J. Surg. 29, 281–286 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-004-7815-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-004-7815-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation