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Determinants of group size in the common bottlenose dolphins: the role of water temperature and noise

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Abstract

Understanding how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence group living is particularly valuable from an ecological and management point of view, since social systems influence individual feeding, breeding and health, which in turn affect the population size. Foraging strategies, presence of calves and avoidance of predators are known factors influencing group size in bottlenose dolphins, but little research has been done to investigate the concomitant effect of environmental, social and anthropogenic factors. Thus, here we tested the relationship between the group size of a common bottlenose dolphin population in Sardinia (Mediterranean Sea) and some proxies of prey availability (sea surface temperature, seabed depth and habitat type), social context (presence of calves and sex ratio) and sea ambient noise levels, as noise may impair communication and elicit predator avoidance-like response. Group size, both at intra-population (PGS) and individual levels (IGS), was mainly influenced by water temperature, noise, and the social factors. PGS changed with seasons and both PGS and IGS decreased with increasing sea surface temperature, likely suggesting a relationship between group size and the availability of demersal species assemblages, since the latter are known to be strongly affected by temperature. Further, the increase in noise levels led to a reduction in PGS (in presence of calves) and in IGS (in females with calves only). In degraded acoustic environments, the communication between group members may be further impaired by the density of individuals, thus mother-calf pairs may try to reduce the effect of boat noise by staying in a smaller group, where the masking of one’s signals by those from conspecifics decrease.

Significance statement

The study highlighted the relationship between SST (sea surface temperature) and clustering pattern of a Mediterranean common bottlenose dolphin population, which in turn may derive from the influence of water temperature on prey abundance and distribution. Further, the effect of noise and boat presence on the grouping of the most vulnerable portion of the population (mothers with calves) was described for the first time. These results support the need for further investigations with the aim of better understanding the effects of warming and noise on coastal dolphins and provide information potentially useful in a management context.

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All data generated during this study are included in this published article as supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

We want to thank the Capo Caccia—Isola Piana Marine Protected Area, MARETERRA GROUP for logistical support and all students and trainees who helped in the fieldwork. We kindly thank the anonymous reviewers who improved the quality of the manuscript. Special thanks to Alex Tibble and Lauren Polimeno for English editing.

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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Università Di Sassari, Sassari, Italy

    G. La Manna & G. Ceccherelli

  2. MareTerra - Environmental Research and Conservation, Alghero, Italy

    G. La Manna, F. Ronchetti, F. Perretti & G. Ceccherelli

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La Manna, G., Ronchetti, F., Perretti, F. et al. Determinants of group size in the common bottlenose dolphins: the role of water temperature and noise. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 77, 45 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-023-03322-w

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