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Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals

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Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Animals

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 66))

Abstract

Marine mammals (whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, sea cows) use sound both actively and passively to communicate and sense their environment, covering frequencies from a few hertz to greater than 100 kHz, differing with species. Although a few documents on marine mammal sound production and reception date back 200 years, concern about the effects of man-made noise on marine mammals has only been documented since the 1970s. Underwater noise can interfere with key life functions of marine mammals (e.g., foraging, mating, nursing, resting, migrating) by impairing hearing sensitivity, masking acoustic signals, eliciting behavioral responses, or causing physiological stress. Many countries are developing and updating guidelines and regulations for underwater noise management in relation to marine mammal conservation. In the United States, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, enacted in 1972, is increasingly being applied to underwater noise emission. Common mitigation methods include (1) time/area closures, (2) the establishment of safety zones that are monitored by visual observers or passive acoustics and that lead to shut-down or low-power operations if animals enter these zones, (3) noise reduction gear like bubble curtains around pile driving, and (4) noise source modifications or operational parameters like soft starts. Mitigation management mostly deals with single operations (like a one-month seismic survey). Key questions that remain are how noise impacts accumulate over time and multiple exposures, how multiple acoustic and nonacoustic stressors interact, and how effects on individuals affect a population as a whole.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The MMPA defines “take” as “hunt, harass, capture, or kill.”

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Christine Erbe declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Rebecca Dunlop declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Sarah Dolman declares that she has no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia

    Christine Erbe

  2. Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia

    Rebecca Dunlop

  3. Whale and Dolphin Conservation, Chippenham, Wiltshire, UK

    Sarah Dolman

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  1. Christine Erbe
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  2. Rebecca Dunlop
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  3. Sarah Dolman
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Correspondence to Christine Erbe .

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  1. Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Hans Slabbekoorn

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    Robert J. Dooling

  3. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

    Arthur N. Popper

  4. Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Richard R. Fay

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Erbe, C., Dunlop, R., Dolman, S. (2018). Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals. In: Slabbekoorn, H., Dooling, R., Popper, A., Fay, R. (eds) Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Animals. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 66. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8574-6_10

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