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Peribiliary glands: development, dysfunction, related conditions and imaging findings

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Abstract

Peribiliary glands are minute structures that are distributed along the intrahepatic large bile ducts, extrahepatic bile duct, and cystic duct. These glands regulate many physiological functions, such as enzyme secretion. Pancreatic exocrine tissues and enzymes are often observed in peribiliary glands; thus, peribiliary glands are involved in enzyme secretion. As such, these glands can be affected by conditions such as IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis based on commonalities with their pancreatic counterparts. Cystic changes in peribiliary glands can occur de novo, as part of a congenital syndrome, or secondary to insults such as alcoholic cirrhosis. Biliary tree stem/progenitor cells have recently been identified in peribiliary glands. These cells are involved in turnover and regeneration of biliary epithelia as well as in sclerosing reactions in some pathological conditions, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and hepatolithiasis. Notably, hepatolithiasis is involved in mucin secretion by the peribiliary glands. Additionally, these cells are associated with the manifestation of several neoplasms, including intraductal papillary neoplasm, cystic micropapillary neoplasm, and cholangiocarcinoma. Normal peribiliary glands themselves are particularly small structures that cannot be recognized using any available imaging modalities; however, these glands are closely associated with several diseases, as mentioned above, which have typical imaging features. Therefore, knowledge of the basic pathophysiology of peribiliary glands is helpful for understanding biliary diseases associated with the peribiliary glands.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Angela Morben, DVM, ELS, from Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan

    Takashi Matsubara, Kazuto Kozaka, Osamu Matsui, Dai Inoue, Norihide Yoneda, Kotaro Yoshida, Azusa Kitao, Akira Yokka, Wataru Koda & Toshifumi Gabata

  2. Department of Radiology, Fukui Prefectural Hospital, Fukui, Japan

    Takashi Matsubara

  3. Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, Fukui, Japan

    Yasuni Nakanuma

  4. Division of Hepato-Billiary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan

    Katsuhiko Uesaka

  5. Department of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan

    Satoshi Kobayashi

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  1. Takashi Matsubara
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Correspondence to Kazuto Kozaka.

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Matsubara, T., Kozaka, K., Matsui, O. et al. Peribiliary glands: development, dysfunction, related conditions and imaging findings. Abdom Radiol 45, 416–436 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02298-4

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