Abstract
Two unresolved questions in marine population connectivity are: (1) the relative importance of contemporary and historical factors (e.g., ongoing gene flow versus past demographic events), and (2) to what extent species subject to the same evolutionary forces exhibit similar phylogeographic patterns. Here, we address these questions using two species from New Zealand’s rocky shore that have very similar distributions and life histories, but very different larval dispersal abilities: the cat’s eye snail Lunella smaragda has short-lived pelagic larvae (3–4 days) while the half-crab Petrolisthes elongatus has a longer pelagic larval duration (3–4 weeks). A large number of individuals of these species were collected (n = 727 and 440) at different locations (31 and 20) throughout their wide New Zealand distribution. These species were analysed for both mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) variation. Contrary to expectations, the species with much greater dispersal potential, P. elongatus, exhibited much greater population differentiation (> fivefold for mtDNA ΦST, > 50-fold for nDNA ΦST). This study highlights that species along the same coast can show remarkably different patterns of population structure, and that although there appear to be some common geographic discontinuities in New Zealand, there are few common overall patterns that apply to many species. The study reinforces the observation that predictions of population structure based on life history are often not upheld, and shows that differences in demographic history may be an important factor in driving contemporary patterns of genetic diversity.
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Availability of data and material
The datasets generated during the current study are available in the GenBank repository, ACCESSION NUMBERS for Lunella smaragda_COI: MN484628—MN485347 and ITS: MT032725—MT033014. ACCESSION NUMBERS for Petrolisthes elongatus_COI: MN485348—MN485765 and ITS: MZ263776-MZ264075. Associated metadata are also available in the Genomic Obervatories Metadatabase (GEOME; GUID http://n2t.net/ark:/21547/CmZ2 and http://n2t.net/ark:/21547/Cmf2).
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Acknowledgements
We thank the many collaborators who assisted with the collection of samples around the country. Special thanks to Martin Hingston (University of Auckland) and Clinton Duffy (New Zealand Department of Conservation) for setting the foundations of this study. This research was supported financially by the New Zealand Department of Conservation, the Beate Schuler Doctoral Scholarship (to VA) and the University of Auckland. We deeply thank the reviewers for improving the manuscript with its insightful comments.
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This research was supported financially by the New Zealand Department of Conservation, the Beate Schuler Doctoral Scholarship in Marine Science to Vanessa Arranz and the University of Auckland.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Vibha Thakur, Shane Lavery and Vanessa Arranz. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Vanessa Arranz and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Arranz, V., Thakur, V. & Lavery, S.D. Demographic history, not larval dispersal potential, explains differences in population structure of two New Zealand intertidal species. Mar Biol 168, 105 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03891-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03891-2