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Micro-RNA: A Future Approach to Personalized Diagnosis of Bone Diseases

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Abstract

Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent bone disease worldwide and the most studied bone-associated pathological condition. Although its diagnosis makes use of advanced and clinically relevant imaging and biochemical tools, the information suffers from several limitations and has little or no prognostic value. In this context, circulating micro-RNAs represent a potentially attractive alternative or a useful addition to the diagnostic arsenal and offer a greater prognostic potential than the conventional approaches. These short non-coding RNA molecules act as inhibitors of gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs with different degrees of complementarity, establishing a complex multilevel network, the basis for the fine modulation of gene expression that finally regulates every single activity of a cell. Micro-RNAs may passively and/or actively be released in the circulation by source cells, and being measurable in biological fluids, their concentrations may be associated to specific pathophysiological conditions. Mounting, despite debatable, evidence supports the use of micro-RNAs as markers of bone cell metabolic activity and bone diseases. Indeed, several micro-RNAs have been associated with bone mineral density, fractures and osteoporosis. However, concerns such as absence of comparability between studies and, the lack of standardization and harmonization of the methods, limit their application. In this review, we describe the pathophysiological bases of the association between micro-RNAs and the deregulation of bone cells activity and the processes that led to the identification of potential micro-RNA-based markers associated with metabolic bone diseases.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are members of the “Committee on Bone Metabolism (C-BM)” of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). GL is member of the Italian Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology (SIBioC), chairmen of the “Working Group on Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism of Bone and Skeletal Muscle Tissues”. ED is member of Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists (CSCC). The authors are grateful to Professor Etienne Cavalier, chairmen of IFCC C-BM, for his valuable comments to the manuscript.

Funding

This review has been funded by the Italian Ministry of Health (“Ricerca Corrente” research program), the Polish National Science Centre (NCN Grant No. 2018/29/B/NZ7/02094).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milano, Italy

    Giovanni Lombardi

  2. Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871, Poznań, Poland

    Giovanni Lombardi

  3. Ste-Justine University Hospital Research Centre & Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada

    Edgard Delvin

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  1. Giovanni Lombardi
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GL and ED—Conceptualized the article, performed the literature search and data analysis, and drafted and critically revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Giovanni Lombardi.

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Giovanni Lombardi and Edgard Delvin declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.

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Lombardi, G., Delvin, E. Micro-RNA: A Future Approach to Personalized Diagnosis of Bone Diseases. Calcif Tissue Int 112, 271–287 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-022-00959-z

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