Abstract
Nanoparticles have been used in neurological research in recent years because of their blood–brain barrier penetration activity. However, their potential neuronanotoxicity remains a concern. In particular, microglia, which are resident phagocytic cells, are mainly exposed to nanoparticles in the brain. We investigated the changes in lysosomal function in silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles containing rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye [MNPs@SiO2(RITC)]-treated BV2 murine microglial cells. In addition, we analyzed amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and molecular changes through the integration of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics (triple-omics) analyses. Aβ accumulation significantly increased in the 0.1 μg/μl MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells compared to the untreated control and 0.01 μg/μl MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells. Moreover, the MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells showed lysosomal swelling, a dose-dependent reduction in proteolytic activity, and an increase in lysosomal swelling- and autophagy-related protein levels. Moreover, proteasome activity decreased in the MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells, followed by a concomitant reduction in intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). By employing triple-omics and a machine learning algorithm, we generated an integrated single molecular network including reactive oxygen species (ROS), autophagy, lysosomal storage disease, and amyloidosis. In silico analysis of the single triple omics network predicted an increase in ROS, suppression of autophagy, and aggravation of lysosomal storage disease and amyloidosis in the MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated BV2 cells. Aβ accumulation and lysosomal swelling in the cells were alleviated by co-treatment with glutathione (GSH) and citrate. These findings suggest that MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-induced reduction in lysosomal activity and proteasomes can be recovered by GSH and citrate treatment. These results also highlight the relationship between nanotoxicity and Aβ accumulation.
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Data availability
Data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Transcriptome sequencing and quantification data are available in the GEO database under the accession number GSE154250 (Shin et al. 2021b, c). Proteome and quantification data are available in PRIDE with the following accession number: PXD020225 (Shin et al. 2021c).
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Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) and the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea, grant numbers, 2020M3E5D9080661 and 2023R1A2C1004585, respectively. The authors thank Yong Eun Jang, Bunsoon Choi, Sun Young Che, and the Ajou Core-Facility Center for their technical assistance.
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Shin, T.H., Lee, G. Reduced lysosomal activity and increased amyloid beta accumulation in silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles-treated microglia. Arch Toxicol 98, 121–134 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03612-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03612-2