Abstract
Prenatal brain development is a complex and sensitive process, highly susceptible to environmental influences such as pollutants, stress, malnutrition, drugs, tobacco exposure, or ionizing radiation (IR). Disturbances in development may cause life-long disabilities and diseases, such as ADHD, childhood cancers, cognitive problems, depression, anxiety and more severe developmental disabilities. Due to increasing medical imaging, radiation therapy, natural terrestrial radiation, radioactive pollution and long-distance flights, humans are increasingly exposed to IR. However, data on impact of IR on very early human brain development are scarce, particularly in the very first weeks of gestation. Here we investigated the effects of low-dose X-ray IR (1 Gy) in a 3D early brain developmental model derived from human pluripotent stem cells. In this model very early neural stem cells, neuroectodermal progenitor cells (NEP), were exposed to low-dose IR and direct as well as delayed effects were investigated. Expression of 20 different marker genes crucial for normal neural development was determined 48 h and 9 days post IR (pIR). All but one of the analyzed marker genes were reduced 48 h after IR, and all but seven genes normalized their expression by day 9 pIR. Among the seven markers were genes involved in neurodevelopmental and growth abnormalities. Moreover, we could show that stemness of the NEP was reduced after IR. We were thus able to identify a significant impact of radiation in cells surviving low-dose IR, suggesting that low-dose IR could have a negative impact on the early developing human brain, with potential later detrimental effects.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acharya MM, Lan ML, Kan VH et al (2010) Consequences of ionizing radiation-induced damage in human neural stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 49:1846–1855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.021
Arroyo M, Kuriyama R, Trimborn M et al (2017) MCPH1, mutated in primary microcephaly, is required for efficient chromosome alignment during mitosis. Sci Rep 7:13019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12793-7
Ayanlaja AA, Xiong Y, Gao Y et al (2017) Distinct features of doublecortin as a marker of neuronal migration and its implications in cancer cell mobility. Front Mol Neurosci 10:199. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2017.00199
Bajinskis A, Lindegren H, Johansson L, Harms-Ringdahl M, Forsby A (2011) Low-dose/dose-rate γ radiation depresses neural differentiation and alters protein expression profiles in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and C17.2 neural stem cells. Radiat Res 175:185–192
Banda M, Bommineni A, Thomas RA, Luckinbill LS, Tucker JD (2008) Evaluation and validation of housekeeping genes in response to ionizing radiation and chemical exposure for normalizing RNA expression in real-time PCR. Mutat Res 649:126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MRGENTOX.2007.08.005
Bansod S, Kageyama R, Ohtsuka T (2017) Hes5 regulates the transition timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in mammalian neocortical development. Development 144:3156–3167. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.147256
Bar Yaacov R, Eshel R, Farhi E, Shemuluvich F, Kaplan T, Birnbaum RY (2019) Functional characterization of the ZEB2 regulatory landscape. Hum Mol Genet 28:1487–1497. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddy440
Barazzuol L, Jeggo PA (2016) In vivo sensitivity of the embryonic and adult neural stem cell compartments to low-dose radiation. J Radiat Res 57:i2–i10. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrw013
Beltran M, Puig I, Pena C et al (2008) A natural antisense transcript regulates Zeb2/Sip1 gene expression during Snail1-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Genes Dev 22:756–769. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.455708
Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Banati RB, Liu G-J (2016) The impact of high and low dose ionising radiation on the central nervous system. Redox Biol 9:144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.08.002
Bishop KM, Goudreau G, O’Leary DD (2000) Regulation of area identity in the mammalian neocortex by Emx2 and Pax6. Science 288:344–349
Boulet SL, Boyle CA, Schieve LA (2009) Health care use and health and functional impact of developmental disabilities among US children, 1997–2005. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 163:19. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.506
Brenner DJ, Hall EJ (2007) Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 357:2277–2284. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra072149
Broustas CG, Lieberman HB (2014) DNA damage response genes and the development of cancer metastasis. Radiat Res 181:111–130. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR13515.1
Cabrera JR, Lucas JJ (2017) MAP2 splicing is altered in Huntington’s disease. Brain Pathol 27:181–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12387
Chambers SM, Fasano CA, Papapetrou EP, Tomishima M, Sadelain M, Studer L (2009) Highly efficient neural conversion of human ES and iPS cells by dual inhibition of SMAD signaling. Nat Biotechnol 27:275–280. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1529
Chen H, Chong ZZ, De Toledo SM, Azzam EI, Elkabes S, Souayah N (2016) Delayed activation of human microglial cells by high dose ionizing radiation. Brain Res 1646:193–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.002
Chen W, Ju SS, Lu T et al (2017) Directional delivery of RSPO1 by mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates radiation-induced intestinal injury. Cytokine 95:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CYTO.2017.02.004
Chin HW, Maruyama Y (1984) Age at treatment and long-term performance results in medulloblastoma. Cancer 53:1952–1958
Cho I-T, Lim Y, Golden JA, Cho G (2017) Aristaless related homeobox (ARX) interacts with β-catenin, BCL9, and P300 to regulate canonical Wnt signaling. PLoS One 12:e0170282. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170282
Choi J, Kim JE, Kim TK et al (2015) TRH and TRH receptor system in the basolateral amygdala mediate stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Neuropharmacology 97:346–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.030
Comijn J, Berx G, Vermassen P et al (2001) The two-handed E box binding zinc finger protein SIP1 downregulates E-cadherin and induces invasion. Mol Cell 7:1267–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00260-X
Dehmelt L, Halpain S (2005) The MAP2/Tau family of microtubule-associated proteins. Genome Biol 6:204. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2004-6-1-204
DeSesso JM, Scialli AR, Holson JF (1999) Apparent lability of neural tube closure in laboratory animals and humans. Am J Med Genet 87:143–162
Dies KA, Bodell A, Hisama FM et al (2013) Schizencephaly: association with young maternal age, alcohol use, and lack of prenatal care. J Child Neurol 28:198–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073812467850
Dupe V, Rochard L, Mercier S et al (2011) NOTCH, a new signaling pathway implicated in holoprosencephaly. Hum Mol Genet 20:1122–1131. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddq556
Etienne O, Roque T, Haton C, Boussin D, ç ois Boussin FD (2012) Variation of radiation-sensitivity of neural stem and progenitor cell populations within the developing mouse brain. Int J Radiat Biol 88:694–702. https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2012.710927
Fasano CA, Dimos JT, Ivanova NB, Lowry N, Lemischka IR, Temple S (2007) shRNA knockdown of Bmi-1 reveals a critical role for p21-Rb pathway in NSC self-renewal during development. Cell Stem Cell 1:87–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STEM.2007.04.001
Fike JR, Rosi S, Limoli CL (2009) Neural precursor cells and central nervous system radiation sensitivity. Semin Radiat Oncol 19:122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2008.12.003
Fishman K, Baure J, Zou Y et al (2009) Radiation-induced reductions in neurogenesis are ameliorated in mice deficient in CuZnSOD or MnSOD. Free Radic Biol Med 47:1459–1467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.016
Florian C, Bahi-Buisson N, Bienvenu T (2012) FOXG1-related disorders: from clinical description to molecular genetics. Mol Syndromol 2:153–163 (000327329)
Gan HK, Bernstein LJ, Brown J et al (2011) Cognitive functioning after radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81:126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.05.004
Gogtay N, Giedd JN, Lusk L, Hayashi KM, Greenstein D, Vaituzis AC, Nugent TF 3rd, Herman DH, Clasen LS, Toga AW, Rapoport JL, Thompson PM (2004) Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8174–8179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402680101
Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ (2006) Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet 368:2167–2178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69665-7
Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ (2014) Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity. Lancet Neural 13:330–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70278-3
Gregory KJ, Bibbo G, Pattison JE (2008) On the uncertainties in effective dose estimates of adult CT head scans. Med Phys 35:3501–3510. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2952359
Gumy LF, Katrukha EA, Grigoriev I et al (2017) MAP2 defines a pre-axonal filtering zone to regulate KIF1- versus KIF5-dependent cargo transport in sensory neurons. Neuron 94:347.e7–362.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEURON.2017.03.046
Guo A, Salomoni P, Luo J et al (2000) The function of PML in p53-dependent apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol 2:730–736. https://doi.org/10.1038/35036365
Hall P, Adami H-O, Trichopoulos D et al (2004) Effect of low doses of ionising radiation in infancy on cognitive function in adulthood: swedish population based cohort study. BMJ (Clin Res ed) 328:19. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7430.19
Hill MA (2019) Embryology Carnegie stage table. https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Carnegie_stage_table Accessed 27 May 2019
Hoelting L, Scheinhardt B, Bondarenko O et al (2013) A 3-dimensional human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived model to detect developmental neurotoxicity of nanoparticles. Arch Toxicol 87:721–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-012-0984-2
Hou P-S, Chuang C-Y, Kao C-F et al (2013) LHX2 regulates the neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells via transcriptional modulation of PAX6 and CER1. Nucleic Acids Res 41:7753–7770. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt567
Hu M, Xia M, Chen X et al (2010) MicroRNA-141 regulates Smad interacting protein 1 (SIP1) and inhibits migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Dig Dis Sci 55:2365–2372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-1008-9
Hubbert C, Guardiola A, Shao R et al (2002) HDAC6 is a microtubule-associated deacetylase. Nature 417:455–458. https://doi.org/10.1038/417455a
Ivanov VN, Hei TK (2014) Radiation-induced glioblastoma signaling cascade regulates viability, apoptosis and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSC). Apoptosis 19:1736–1754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-014-1040-x
Joseph-Bravo P, Jaimes-Hoy L, Uribe R-M, Charli J-L (2015) 60 years of neuroendocrinology: TRH, the first hypophysiotropic releasing hormone isolated: control of the pituitary–thyroid axis. J Endocrinol 226:T85–T100. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-15-0124
Kageyama R, Shimojo H, Ohtsuka T (2018) Dynamic control of neural stem cells by bHLH factors. Neurosci Res 138:12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEURES.2018.09.005
Kalm M, Lannering B, Björk-Eriksson T, Blomgren K (2009) Irradiation-induced loss of microglia in the young brain. J Neuroimmunol 206:70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.11.002
Kamata T, Katsube K-i, Michikawa M, Yamada M, Takada S, Mizusawa H (2004) R-spondin, a novel gene with thrombospondin type 1 domain, was expressed in the dorsal neural tube and affected in Wnts mutants. Biochim Biophys Acta 1676:51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BBAEXP.2003.10.009
Kato M, Dobyns WB (2003) Lissencephaly and the molecular basis of neuronal migration. Hum Mol Genet 12:89R–96R. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddg086
Katsura M, Cyou-Nakamine H, Zen Q et al (2016) Effects of chronic low-dose radiation on human neural progenitor cells. Sci Rep 6:20027. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20027
Kelly JA, Boyle NT, Cole N et al (2015) First-in-class thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-based compound binds to a pharmacologically distinct TRH receptor subtype in human brain and is effective in neurodegenerative models. Neuropharmacology 89:193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.09.024
Khan A, Budnick A, Barnea D, Feldman DR, Tonorezos ES (2018) Hearing loss in adult survivors of childhood cancer treated with radiotherapy. Children 5:1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5050059
Kovalchuk A, Kolb B (2017) Low dose radiation effects on the brain—from mechanisms and behavioral outcomes to mitigation strategies. Cell Cycle 16:1266. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2017.1320003
Lee VMY, Goedert M, Trojanowski JQ (2001) Neurodegenerative tauopathies. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:1121–1159. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1121
Li J-Y, Chai B, Zhang W, Fritze DM, Zhang C, Mulholland MW (2014) LGR4 and its ligands, R-spondin 1 and R-spondin 3, regulate food intake in the hypothalamus of male rats. Endocrinology 155:429–440. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1550
Liu X, Zhou Z-W, Wang Z-Q (2016) The DNA damage response molecule MCPH1 in brain development and beyond. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 48:678–685. https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmw048
Manda K, Kavanagh JN, Buttler D, Prise KM, Hildebrandt G (2014) Low dose effects of ionizing radiation on normal tissue stem cells. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 761:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.02.003
Massie CE, Spiteri I, Ross-Adams H et al (2015) HES5 silencing is an early and recurrent change in prostate tumourigenesis. Endocr Relat Cancer 22:131–144. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0454
Matthias P, Yoshida M, Khochbin S (2008) HDAC6 a new cellular stress surveillance factor. Cell Cycle 7:7–10. https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.7.1.5186
Memic F, Knoflach V, Sadler R et al (2016) Ascl1 is required for the development of specific neuronal subtypes in the enteric nervous system. J Neurosci 36:4339–4350. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0202-16.2016
Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Hill JL et al (1991) The TRH stimulation test in Alzheimer’s disease and major depression: relationship to clinical and CSF measures. Biol Psychiatry 30:567–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(91)90026-I
Morel L, Chiang MSR, Higashimori H et al (2017) Molecular and functional properties of regional astrocytes in the adult brain. J Neurosci 37:8706–8717. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3956-16.2017
Morini J, Babini G, Barbieri S et al (2018) A comparison between X-ray and carbon ion irradiation in human neural stem cells. Radiat Prot Dosim 183:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy231
Neradil J, Veselska R (2015) Nestin as a marker of cancer stem cells. Cancer Sci 106:803–811. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.12691
Noelanders R, Vleminckx K (2017) How Wnt signaling builds the brain: bridging development and disease. Neuroscientist 23:314–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858416667270
Ohtsuka T, Ishibashi M, Gradwohl G, Nakanishi S, Guillemot F, Kageyama R (1999) Hes1 and Hes5 as notch effectors in mammalian neuronal differentiation. EMBO J 18:2196–2207. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/18.8.2196
Ohtsuka T, Sakamoto M, Guillemot F, Kageyama R (2001) Roles of the basic helix-loop-helix genes Hes1 and Hes5 in expansion of neural stem cells of the developing brain. J Biol Chem 276:30467–30474. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M102420200
O’Leary DD, Sahara S (2008) Genetic regulation of arealization of the neocortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 18:90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.05.011
Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Fulop J et al (2015) CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2008–2012. Neuro Oncol 17:1–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nov189
Otake M, Schull WJ (1998) Radiation-related brain damage and growth retardation among the prenatally exposed atomic bomb survivors. Int J Radiat Biol 74:159–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/095530098141555
Packer RJ, Meadows AT, Rorke LB, Goldwein JL, D’Angio G (1987) Long-term sequelae of cancer treatment on the central nervous system in childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol 15:241–253
Panaliappan TK, Wittmann W, Jidigam VK et al (2018) Sox2 is required for olfactory pit formation and olfactory neurogenesis through BMP restriction and Hes5 upregulation. Development. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.153791
Park NI, Guilhamon P, Desai K et al (2017) ASCL1 reorganizes chromatin to direct neuronal fate and suppress tumorigenicity of glioblastoma stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 21:209.e7–224.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STEM.2017.06.004
Parrini E, Conti V, Dobyns WB, Guerrini R (2016) Genetic basis of brain malformations. Mol Syndromol 7:220–233. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448639
Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP et al (2012) Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 380:499–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0
Pinnix CC, Yahalom J, Specht L, Dabaja BS (2018) Radiation in central nervous system leukemia: guidelines from the international lymphoma radiation oncology group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 102:53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.05.067
Quintes S, Brinkmann BG, Ebert M et al (2016) Zeb2 is essential for Schwann cell differentiation, myelination and nerve repair. Nat Neurosci 19:1050–1059. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4321
Rice D, Barone S Jr (2000) Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models. Environ Health Perspect 108(Suppl 3):511–533. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s3511
Rola R, Raber J, Rizk A et al (2004) Radiation-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with cognitive deficits in young mice. Exp Neurol 188:316–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.05.005
Romaniello R, Arrigoni F, Fry AE et al (2018) Tubulin genes and malformations of cortical development. Eur J Med Genet 61:744–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMG.2018.07.012
Ron E, Modan B, Floro S, Harkedar I, Gurewitz R (1982) Mental function following scalp irradiation during childhood. Am J Epidemiol 116:149–160. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113389
Schull WJ, Norton S, Jensh RP (1990) Ionizing radiation and the developing brain. Neurotoxicol Teratol 12:249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(90)90096-U
Seegenschmiedt MH, Micke O, Muecke R, German Cooperative Group on Radiotherapy for Non-malignant Diseases (BSG-BD) (2015) Radiotherapy for non-malignant disorders: state of the art and update of the evidence-based practice guidelines. Br J Radiol 88:20150080. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150080
Shahsavani M, Pronk RJ, Falk R et al (2018) An in vitro model of lissencephaly: expanding the role of DCX during neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 23:1674–1684. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.175
Sharma N, Colangelo NW, de Toledo SM, Azzam EI (2016) Diffusible factors secreted by glioblastoma and medulloblastoma cells induce oxidative stress in bystander neural stem progenitors. ASN Neuro. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759091416662808
Shimada M, Matsuzaki F, Kato A, Kobayashi J, Matsumoto T, Komatsu K (2016) Induction of excess centrosomes in neural progenitor cells during the development of radiation-induced microcephaly. PLoS One 11:e0158236. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158236
Shimura T, Sasatani M, Kawai H et al (2017) A comparison of radiation-induced mitochondrial damage between neural progenitor stem cells and differentiated cells. Cell Cycle 16:565–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2017.1284716
Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R et al (2009) Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer. Arch Intern Med 169:2078–2086. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.427
Sokolov M, Neumann R (2013) Lessons learned about human stem cell responses to ionizing radiation exposures: a long road still ahead of us. Int J Mol Sci 14:15695–15723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140815695
Sorrells SF, Paredes MF, Cebrian-Silla A et al (2018) Human hippocampal neurogenesis drops sharply in children to undetectable levels in adults. Nature 555:377–381. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25975
Soussain C, Ricard D, Fike JR, Mazeron JJ, Psimaras D, Delattre JY (2009) CNS complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Lancet 374:1639–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61299-X
Spiegler BJ, Bouffet E, Greenberg ML, Rutka JT, Mabbott DJ (2004) Change in neurocognitive functioning after treatment with cranial radiation in childhood. J Clin Oncol 22:706–713. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.05.186
Spix C, Grosche B, Bleher M, Kaatsch P, Scholz-Kreisel P, Blettner M (2017) Background gamma radiation and childhood cancer in Germany: an ecological study. Radiat Environ Biophys 56:127–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-017-0689-2
Tallapaka K, Venugopal V, Dalal A, Aggarwal S (2018) Novel RSPO1 mutation causing 46, XX testicular disorder of sex development with palmoplantar keratoderma: a review of literature and expansion of clinical phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 176:1006–1010. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.38646
Thomas MP, Liu X, Whangbo J et al (2015) Apoptosis triggers specific, rapid, and global mRNA decay with 3′ uridylated intermediates degraded by DIS3L2. Cell Rep 11:1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELREP.2015.04.026
Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS et al (1998) Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282:1145–1147
Tohyama J, Yamamoto T, Hosoki K et al (2011) West syndrome associated with mosaic duplication of FOXG1 in a patient with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14. Am J Med Genet A 155:2584–2588. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.34224
Tzoulaki I, White IMS, Hanson IM (2005) PAX6 mutations: genotype–phenotype correlations. BMC Genet 6:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-6-27
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2013 Report to the General Assembly, Vol II. Scientific Annex B https://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2013/UNSCEAR2013Report_AnnexB_Children_13-87320_Ebook_web.pdf. Accessed 03 Mar 2019
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly, Scientific Annexes A and B. https://www.unscear.org/docs/publications/2008/UNSCEAR_2008_Report_Vol.I.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2019
Van Hoecke A, Schoonaert L, Lemmens R et al (2012) EPHA4 is a disease modifier of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in animal models and in humans. Nat Med 18:1418–1422. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2901
Verheyde J, Benotmane MA (2007) Unraveling the fundamental molecular mechanisms of morphological and cognitive defects in the irradiated brain. Brain Res Rev 53:312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BRAINRESREV.2006.09.004
Waniek A, Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Höfling C et al (2015) Identification of thyrotropin-releasing hormone as hippocampal glutaminyl cyclase substrate in neurons and reactive astrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1852:146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BBADIS.2014.11.011
Wilson KD, Sun N, Huang M et al (2010) Effects of ionizing radiation on self-renewal and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells. Cancer Res 70:5539–5548. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4238
Xu C, Inokuma MS, Denham J et al (2001) Feeder-free growth of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 19:971–974. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1001-971
Yamaguchi M, Kashiwakura I (2013) Role of reactive oxygen species in the radiation response of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. PLoS One 8:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070503
Yamoah K, Showalter TN, Ohri N (2015) Radiation therapy intensification for solid tumors: a systematic review of randomized trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 93:737–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.2284
Yan S, Li P, Wang Y et al (2016) Nestin regulates neural stem cell migration via controlling the cell contractility. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 78:349–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCEL.2016.07.034
Yang W, Liu Y, Gao R, Yu H, Sun T (2018) HDAC6 inhibition induces glioma stem cells differentiation and enhances cellular radiation sensitivity through the SHH/Gli1 signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 415:164–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CANLET.2017.12.005
Yates CM, Harmar AJ, Rosie R et al (1983) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and substance P immuno-reactivity in post-mortem brain from cases of Alzheimer-type dementia and Down’s syndrome. Brain Res 258:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(83)91224-6
Yoon JK, Lee JS (2012) Cellular signaling and biological functions of R-spondins. Cell Signal 24:369–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.023
Zhang X, Huang CT, Chen J et al (2010) Pax6 is a human neuroectoderm cell fate determinant. Cell Stem Cell 7:90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2010.04.017
Zhao J, Cooper LT, Boyd AW, Bartlett PF (2018) Decreased signalling of EphA4 improves functional performance and motor neuron survival in the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model. Sci Rep 8:11393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29845-1
Zhou F, Gou S, Xiong J, Wu H, Wang C, Liu T (2014) Oncogenicity of LHX2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 41:8163–8167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-014-3716-2
Zou Y, Zhang N, Ellerby LM et al (2012) Responses of human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progeny to ionizing radiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 426:100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.043
Zou Y, Ouyang Q, Wei W, Yang S, Zhang Y, Yang W (2018) FAT10 promotes the invasion and migration of breast cancer cell through stabilization of ZEB2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 506:563–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.109
Zweier C, Thiel CT, Dufke A et al (2005) Clinical and mutational spectrum of Mowat–Wilson syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 48:97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMG.2005.01.003
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Grant 02NUK025B from the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), AK and ES were supported by the InViTe PhD program from the Baden-Wuerttemberg Ministry for Science, Research and Art (MWK Baden-Württemberg). We also thank George Daley, Harvard Medical School/Children’s Hospital Boston, for providing the human iPSC, and Maria Moreno-Villanueva and Thilo Sindlinger, University of Konstanz, for very helpful input with the irradiation experiments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data and the authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Klatt, A., Salzmann, E., Schneider, LJ. et al. Toxicity of ionizing radiation (IR) in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived 3D early neurodevelopmental model. Arch Toxicol 93, 2879–2893 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02553-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-019-02553-z