Abstract
Plants are exposed to a myriad of microorganisms, which can range from helpful bacteria to deadly disease-causing pathogens. The ability of plants to distinguish between helpful bacteria and dangerous pathogens allows them to continuously survive under challenging environments. The investigation of the modulation of plant immunity by beneficial microbes is critical to understand how they impact plant growth improvement and defense against invasive pathogens. Beneficial bacterial populations can produce significant impact on plant immune responses, including regulation of immune receptors activity, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) activation, transcription factors, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. To establish themselves, beneficial bacterial populations likely reduce plant immunity. These bacteria help plants to recover from various stresses and resume a regular growth pattern after they have been established. Contrarily, pathogens prevent their colonization by releasing toxins into plant cells, which have the ability to control the local microbiota via as-yet-unidentified processes. Intense competition among microbial communities has been found to be advantageous for plant development, nutrient requirements, and activation of immune signaling. Therefore, to protect themselves from pathogens, plants may rely on the beneficial microbiota in their environment and intercommunity competition amongst microbial communities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Ahn HK, Lin X, Olave-Achury AC, Derevnina L, Contreras MP, Kourelis J, Wu CH, Kamoun S, Jones JDG (2023) Effector-dependent activation and oligomerization of plant NRC class helper NLRs by sensor NLR immune receptors Rpi-amr3 and Rpi-amr1. EMBO J 42:111484. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2022111484
Armanhi JSL, de Souza RSC, Damasceno NB, de Araújo LM, Imperial J, Arruda P (2018) A community-based culture collection for targeting novel plant growth-promoting bacteria from the sugarcane microbiome. Front Plant Sci 8:2191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.02191
Banday ZZ, Cecchini NM, Speed DJ, Scott AT, Parent C, Hu CT, Filzen RC, Agbo E, Greenberg JT (2022) Friend or Foe: Hybrid proline-rich proteins determine how plants respond to beneficial and pathogenic microbes. Plant Physiol 190:860–881. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac263
Berendsen RL, Vismans G, Yu K, Song Y, de Jonge R, Burgman WP, Burmølle M, Herschend J, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ (2018) Disease-induced assemblage of a plant-beneficial bacterial consortium. ISME J 12:1496–1507. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0093-1
Bernal P, Llamas MA, Filloux A (2018) Type VI secretion systems in plant-associated bacteria. Environ Microbiol 20:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13956
Bidzinski P, Ballini E, Ducasse A, Michel C, Zuluaga P, Genga A, Chiozzotto R, Morel JB (2016) Transcriptional Basis of Drought-Induced Susceptibility to the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Plant Sci 7:1558. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01558
Bigeard J, Colcombet J, Hirt H (2015) Signaling mechanisms in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). Mol Plant 8:521–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.022
Biswas JC, Ladha JK, Dazzo FB, Yanni YG, Rolf BG (2000) Rhizobial inoculation influences seedling vigor and yield of rice. Agron J 90:880–886. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.925880x
Boutrot F, Zipfel C (2017) Function, discovery, and exploitation of plant pattern recognition receptors for broad-spectrum disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 55:257–286. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120106
Buscaill P, Chandrasekar B, Sanguankiattichai N, Kourelis J, Kaschani F, Thomas EL, Morimoto K, Kaiser M, Preston GM, Ichinose Y, van der Hoorn RAL (2019) Glycosidase and glycan polymorphism control hydrolytic release of immunogenic flagellin peptides. Science 364:eaav0748. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0748
Çakmakçi R, Dönmez F, Aydın A, Şahin F (2006) Growth promotion of plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. Soil Biol Biochem 38:1482–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.09.019
Castrillo G, Teixeira PJ, Paredes SH, Law TF, de Lorenzo L, Feltcher ME, Finkel OM, Breakfield NW, Mieczkowski P, Jones CD, Paz-Ares J, Dangl JL (2017) Root microbiota drive direct integration of phosphate stress and immunity. Nature 543:513–518. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21417
Cesari S (2018) Multiple strategies for pathogen perception by plant immune receptors. New Phytol 219(1):17–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14877
Chaudhry V, Runge P, Sengupta P, Doehlemann G, Parker JE, Kemen E (2021) Shaping the leaf microbiota: plant-microbe-microbe interactions. J Exp Bot 72(1):36–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa417
Chen Y, Wang J, Yang N, Wen Z, Sun X, Chai Y, Ma Z (2018) Wheat microbiome bacteria can reduce virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by altering histone acetylation. Nat Commun 9:3429. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05683-7
Chen T, Nomura K, Wang X, Sohrabi R, Xu J, Yao L, Paasch BC, Ma L, Kremer J, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Wang N, Wang E, Xin XF, He SY (2020) A plant genetic network for preventing dysbiosis in the phyllosphere. Nature 580:653–657. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2185-0
Chen J, Zhang X, Rathjen JP, Dodds PN (2022) Direct recognition of pathogen effectors by plant NLR immune receptors and downstream signalling. Essays Biochem 66(5):471–483. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20210072
Chinchilla D, Bauer Z, Regenass M, Boller T, Felix G (2006) The Arabidopsis receptor kinase FLS2 binds flg22 and determines the specificity of flagellin perception. Plant Cell 18:465–476. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.036574
Colaianni NR, Parys K, Lee H-S, Conway JM, Kim NH, Edelbacher N, Mucyn TS, Madalinski M, Law TF, Jones CD, Belkhadir Y, Dangl JL (2021) A complex immune response to flagellin epitope variation in commensal communities. Cell Host Microbe 29(4):635–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.006
Couto D, Zipfel C (2016) Regulation of pattern recognition receptor signalling in plants. Nat Rev Immunol 16:537–552. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.77
de Jonge R, van Esse HP, Kombrink A, Shinya T, Desaki Y, Bours R, van der Krol S, Shibuya N, Joosten MH, Thomma BP (2010) Conserved fungal LysM effector Ecp6 prevents chitin-triggered immunity in plants. Science 329:953–955. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190859
de Souza RSC, Armanhi JSL, Arruda P (2020) From microbiome to traits: designing synthetic microbial communities for improved crop resiliency. Front Plant Sci 11:1179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01179
De Vleesschauwer D, Djavaheri M, Bakker PAHM, Hofte M (2008) Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374r–induced systemic resistance in rice against Magnaporthe oryzaeis based on pseudobactin-mediated priming for a salicylic acid–repressible multifaceted defense response. Plant Physiol 148:1996–2012. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.127878
Delmotte N, Knief C, Chaffron S, Innerebner G, Roschitzki B, Schlapbach R, von Mering C, Vorholt JA (2009) Community proteogenomics reveals insights into the physiology of phyllosphere bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:16428–16433. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905240106
Deng S, Caddell DF, Xu G, Dahlen L, Washington L, Yang J, Coleman-Derr D (2021) Genome wide association study reveals plant loci controlling heritability of the rhizosphere microbiome. ISME J 15:3181–3194. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-00993-z
Duan Q, Kita D, Li C, Cheung AY, Wu HM (2010) FERONIA receptor-like kinase regulates RHO GTPase signaling of root hair development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:17821–17826. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1005366107
Dunlap CA, Bowman MJ, Schisler DA (2013) Genomic analysis and secondary metabolite production in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AS 43.3: a biocontrol antagonist of Fusarium head blight. Biol Control 64:166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.11.002
Durán P, Thiergart T, Garrido-Oter R, Agler M, Kemen E, Schulze-Lefert P, Hacquard S (2018) Microbial interkingdom interactions in roots promote Arabidopsis Survival. Cell 175:973–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.020
Ge YY, Xiang QW, Wagner C, Zhang D, Xie ZP, Staehelin C (2016) The type 3 effector NopL of Sinorhizobium sp. strain NGR234 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase substrate. J Exp Bot 67:2483–2494. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw065
Gong AD, Li HP, Yuan QS, Song XS, Yao W, He WJ, Zhang JB, Liao YC (2015) Antagonistic mechanism of iturin A and plipastatin A from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S76–3 from wheat spikes against Fusarium graminearum. PLoS ONE 10:e0116871. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116871
Hong CE, Kwon SY, Park JM (2016) Biocontrol activity of Paenibacillus polymyxa AC-1 against Pseudomonas syringae and its interaction with Arabidopsis thaliana. Microbiol Res 185:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.01.004
Innerebner G, Knief C, Vorholt JA (2011) Protection of Arabidopsis thaliana against leaf-pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae by Sphingomonas strains in a controlled model system. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:3202–3210. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00133-11
Jorge GL, Kisiala A, Morrison E, Aoki M, Nogueira APO, Emery RJN (2019) Endosymbiotic Methylobacterium oryzae mitigates the impact of limited water availability in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) by increasing plant cytokinin levels. Environ Exp Bot 162:525–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.03.028
Jung BK, Hong SJ, Park GS, Kim MC, Shin JH (2018) Isolation of Burkholderia cepacia JBK9 with plant growth-promoting activity while producing pyrrolnitrin antagonistic to plant fungal diseases. Appl Biol Chem 61:173–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-018-0345-9
Kieu NP, Aznar A, Segond D, Rigault M, Simond-Côte E, Kunz C, Soulie MC, Expert D, Dellagi A (2012) Iron deficiency affects plant defence responses and confers resistance to Dickeya dadantii and Botrytis cinerea. Mol Plant Pathol 13:816–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00790.x
Kim N, Kim JJ, Kim I, Mannaa M, Park J, Kim J, Lee HH, Lee SB, Park DS, Sul WJ, Seo YS (2020) Type VI secretion systems of plant-pathogenic Burkholderia glumae BGR1 play a functionally distinct role in interspecies interactions and virulence. Mol Plant Pathol 21:1055–1069. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12966
Lakshmanan V, Castaneda R, Rudrappa T, Bais HP (2013) Root transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to beneficial Bacillus subtilis FB17 rhizobacteria revealed genes for bacterial recruitment and plant defense independent of malate efflux. Planta 238:657–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-013-1920-2
Legein M, Smets W, Vandenheuvel D, Eilers T, Muyshondt B, Prinsen E, Samson R, Lebeer S (2020) Modes of Action of Microbial Biocontrol in the Phyllosphere. Front Microbiol 11:1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01619
Liu YX, Qin Y, Bai Y (2019) Reductionist synthetic community approaches in root microbiome research. Curr Opin Microbiol 49:97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.010
Liu Y, Shu X, Chen L, Zhang H, Feng H, Sun X, Xiong Q, Li G, Xun W, Xu Z, Zhang N, Pieterse CMJ, Shen Q, Zhang R (2023) Plant commensal type VII secretion system causes iron leakage from roots to promote colonization. Nat Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01402-1
Lu CK, Liang G (2023) Fe deficiency-induced ethylene synthesis confers resistance to Botrytis cinerea. New Phytol 237:1843–1855. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18638
Mavrodi DV, Joe A, Mavrodi OV, Hassan KA, Weller DM, Paulsen IT, Loper JE, Alfano JR, Thomashow LS (2011) Structural and functional analysis of the type III secretion system from Pseudomonas fluorescens Q8r1-96. J Bacteriol 193:177–189. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00895-10
Meng X, Zhang S (2013) MAPK cascades in plant disease resistance signaling. Annu Rev Phytopathol 51:245–266. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102314
Meziane H, Van der Sluis I, Van Loon LC, Hofte M, Bakker PAHM (2005) Determinants of Pseudomonas putida WCS358 involved in inducing systemic resistance in plants. Mol Plant Pathol 6:177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00276.x
Parys K, Colaianni NR, Lee HS, Hohmann U, Edelbacher N, Trgovcevic A, Blahovska Z, Lee D, Mechtler A, Muhari-Portik Z, Madalinski M, Schandry N, Rodríguez-Arévalo I, Becker C, Sonnleitner E, Korte A, Bläsi U, Geldner N, Hothorn M, Jones CD, Dangl JL, Belkhadir Y (2021) Signatures of antagonistic pleiotropy in a bacterial flagellin epitope. Cell Host Microbe 29(4):620–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.008
Pel MJ, van Dijken AJ, Bardoel BW, Seidl MF, van der Ent S, van Strijp JA, Pieterse CM (2014) Pseudomonas syringae evades host immunity by degrading flagellin monomers with alkaline protease AprA. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 27:603–610. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-02-14-0032-R
Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM, Hoffland E, Van Pelt JA, van Loon LC (1996) Systemic resistance in Arabidopsis induced by biocontrol bacteria is independent of salicylic acid accumulation and pathogenesis-related gene expression. Plant Cell 8:1225–1237. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.8.8.1225
Pieterse CM, van Wees SC, van Pelt JA, Knoester M, Laan R, Gerrits H, Weisbeek PJ, van Loon LC (1998) A novel signaling pathway controlling induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 10:1571–1580. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.10.9.1571
Pieterse CM, Zamioudis C, Berendsen RL, Weller DM, Van Wees SC, Bakker PA (2014) Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 52:347–375. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102340
Pozo MJ, Van der Ent S, Van Loon LC, Pieterse CMJ (2008) Transcription factor MYC2 is involved in priming for enhanced defense during rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 180:511–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02578.x
Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2015) Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth? Soil Biol Biochem 89:210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012
Qi J, Wang J, Gong Z, Zhou JM (2017) Apoplastic ROS signaling in plant immunity. Curr Opin Plant Biol 38:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.022
Ritpitakphong U, Falquet L, Vimoltust A, Berger A, Métraux JP, L’Haridon F (2016) The microbiome of the leaf surface of Arabidopsis protects against a fungal pathogen. New Phytol 210:1033–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13808
Romero FM, Marina M, Pieckenstain FL (2016) Novel components of leaf bacterial communities of field-grown tomato plants and their potential for plant growth promotion and biocontrol of tomato diseases. Res Microbiol 167:222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2015.11.001
Saijo Y, Loo EP (2020) Plant immunity in signal integration between biotic and abiotic stress responses. New Phytol 225:87–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15989
Shalev O, Ashkenazy H, Neumann M, Weigel D (2022) Commensal Pseudomonas protect Arabidopsis thaliana from a coexisting pathogen via multiple lineage-dependent mechanisms. ISME J 16:1235–1244. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01168-6
Shyntum DY, Theron J, Venter SN, Moleleki LN, Toth IK, Coutinho TA (2015) Pantoea ananatis Utilizes a Type VI Secretion System for pathogenesis and bacterial competition. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 28:420–431. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-07-14-0219-R
Simionato AS, Navarro MOP, de Jesus MLA, Barazetti AR, da Silva CS, Simões GC, Balbi-Peña MI, de Mello JCP, Panagio LA, de Almeida RSC, Andrade G, de Oliveira AG (2017) The effect of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid on mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LV strain. Front Microbiol 8:1102. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01102
Snelders NC, Kettles GJ, Rudd JJ, Thomma BPHJ (2018) Plant pathogen effector proteins as manipulators of host microbiomes? Mol Plant Pathol 19:257–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12628
Snelders NC, Rovenich H, Petti GC, Rocafort M, van den Berg GCM, Vorholt JA, Mesters JR, Seidl MF, Nijland R, Thomma BPHJ (2020) Microbiome manipulation by a soil-borne fungal plant pathogen using effector proteins. Nat Plants 6:1365–1374. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00799-5
Snelders NC, Petti GC, van den Berg GCM, Seidl MF, Thomma BPHJ (2021) An ancient antimicrobial protein co-opted by a fungal plant pathogen for in planta mycobiome manipulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110968118
Song Y, Wilson AJ, Zhang XC, Thoms D, Sohrabi R, Song S, Geissmann Q, Liu Y, Walgren L, He SY, Haney CH (2021) FERONIA restricts Pseudomonas in the rhizosphere microbiome via regulation of reactive oxygen species. Nat Plants 7:644–654. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00914-0
Stringlis IA, Proietti S, Hickman R, Van Verk MC, Zamioudis C, Pieterse CMJ (2018a) Root transcriptional dynamics induced by beneficial rhizobacteria and microbial immune elicitors reveal signatures of adaptation to mutualists. Plant J 93:166–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13741
Stringlis IA, Yu K, Feussner K, de Jonge R, Van Bentum S, Van Verk MC, Berendsen RL, Bakker PAHM, Feussner I, Pieterse CMJ (2018b) MYB72-dependent coumarin exudation shapes root microbiome assembly to promote plant health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115:E5213–E5222. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722335115
Stringlis IA, Zamioudis C, Berendsen RL, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ (2019) Type III Secretion System of Beneficial Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 and Pseudomonas defensor WCS374. Front Microbiol 10:1631. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01631
Tang J, Wu D, Li X, Wang L, Xu L, Zhang Y, Xu F, Liu H, Xie Q, Dai S, Coleman-Derr D, Zhu S, Yu F (2022) Plant immunity suppression via PHR1-RALF-FERONIA shapes the root microbiome to alleviate phosphate starvation. EMBO J. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2021109102
Teixeira PJPL, Colaianni NR, Law TF, Conway JM, Gilbert S, Li H, Salas-González I, Panda D, Del Risco NM, Finkel OM, Castrillo G, Mieczkowski P, Jones CD, Dangl JL (2021) Specific modulation of the root immune system by a community of commensal bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118(16):e2100678118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100678118
Verbon EH, Trapet PL, Stringlis IA, Kruijs S, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ (2017) Iron and immunity. Annu Rev Phytopathol 55:355–375. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035537
Verbon EH, Trapet PL, Kruijs S, Temple-Boyer-Dury C, Rouwenhorst TG, Pieterse CMJ (2019) Rhizobacteria-mediated activation of the fe deficiency response in arabidopsis roots: impact on Fe status and signaling. Front Plant Sci 10:909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00909
Vergnes S, Gayrard D, Veyssière M, Toulotte J, Martinez Y, Dumont V, Bouchez O, Rey T, Dumas B (2020) Phyllosphere colonization by a soil Streptomyces sp. promotes plant defense responses against fungal infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 33:223–234. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-05-19-0142-R
Vogel C, Bodenhausen N, Gruissem W, Vorholt JA (2016) The Arabidopsis leaf transcriptome reveals distinct but also overlapping responses to colonization by phyllosphere commensals and pathogen infection with impact on plant health. New Phytol 212:192–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14036
Wang N, Han N, Tian R, Chen J, Gao X, Wu Z, Liu Y, Huang L (2021a) Role of the Type VI secretion system in the pathogenicity of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causative agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker. Front Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.627785
Wang Y, Cheng H, Chang F, Zhao L, Wang B, Wan Y, Yue M (2021b) Endosphere microbiome and metabolic differences between the spots and green parts of Tricyrtis macropoda leaves. Front Microbiol 11:599829. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.599829
Wang Y, Wang X, Sun S, Jin C, Su J, Wei J, Luo X, Wen J, Wei T, Sahu SK, Zou H, Chen H, Mu Z, Zhang G, Liu X, Xu X, Gram L, Yang H, Wang E, Liu H (2022) GWAS, MWAS and mGWAS provide insights into precision agriculture based on genotype-dependent microbial effects in foxtail millet. Nat Commun 13:5913. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33238-4
Wang D, Luo WZ, Zhang DD, Li R, Kong ZQ, Song J, Dai XF, Alkan N, Chen JY (2023) Insights into the Biocontrol Function of a Burkholderia gladioli strain against Botrytis cinerea. Microbiol Spectr 11:e0480522. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.04805-22
Wu D, von Roepenack-Lahaye E, Buntru M, de Lange O, Schandry N, Pérez-Quintero AL, Weinberg Z, Lowe-Power TM, Szurek B, Michael AJ, Allen C, Schillberg S, Lahaye T (2019a) A plant pathogen type III effector protein subverts translational regulation to boost host polyamine levels. Cell Host Microbe 26:638–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.09.014
Wu Z, Han S, Zhou H, Tuang ZK, Wang Y, Jin Y, Shi H, Yang W (2019b) Cold stress activates disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana through a salicylic acid dependent pathway. Plant Cell Environ 42:2645–2663. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13579
Xing Y, Xu N, Bhandari DD, Lapin D, Sun X, Luo X, Wang Y, Cao J, Wang H, Coaker G, Parker JE, Liu J (2021) Bacterial effector targeting of a plant iron sensor facilitates iron acquisition and pathogen colonization. Plant Cell 33:2015–2031. https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab075
Yu K, Liu Y, Tichelaar R, Savant N, Lagendijk E, van Kuijk SJL, Stringlis IA, van Dijken AJH, Pieterse CMJ, Bakker PAHM, Haney CH, Berendsen RL (2019) Rhizosphere-Associated Pseudomonas suppress local root immune responses by gluconic acid-mediated lowering of environmental pH. Curr Biol 29:3913–3920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.015
Zarattini M, Farjad M, Launay A, Cannella D, Soulié MC, Bernacchia G, Fagard M (2021) Every cloud has a silver lining: how abiotic stresses affect gene expression in plant-pathogen interactions. J Exp Bot 72:1020–1033. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa531
Zhang X, Yang Z, Wu D, Yu F (2020) RALF-FERONIA signaling: linking plant immune response with cell growth. Plant Commun 1:100084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100084
Zhao S, Du C-M, Tian C-Y (2012) Suppression of Fusarium oxysporum and induced resistance of plants involved in the biocontrol of Cucumber Fusarium wilt by Streptomyces bikiniensis HD-087. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28:2919–2927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1102-6
Zhong Y, Xun W, Wang X, Tian S, Zhang Y, Li D, Zhou Y, Qin Y, Zhang B, Zhao G, Cheng X, Liu Y, Chen H, Li L, Osbourn A, Lucas WJ, Huang S, Ma Y, Shang Y (2022) Root-secreted bitter triterpene modulates the rhizosphere microbiota to improve plant fitness. Nat Plants 8:887–896. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01201-2
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
JC came up with the idea and wrote the comprehensive review. Figures prepared by JC.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest declared.
Additional information
Communicated by Yusuf Akhter.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chakraborty, J. Microbiota and the plant immune system work together to defend against pathogens. Arch Microbiol 205, 347 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03684-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03684-9