Abstract
The next generation of tyre sensors will be bonded directly onto the inner liner (IL) in order to measure important parameters such as strain, vehicle load, contact pressure, the tyre-road friction coefficient or wear. Sensor packages (SP) have a sensor node, which is bonded and kept in position by a specifically designed rubber housing (RH). Since the measurements they provide to the car control unit are used to improve the active or passive safety of vehicles, these packages can be considered critical safety components that should be dimensioned carefully. A tyre analysis, whether statical or dynamical, in which the complete structure is considered, under any load, inflating pressure or temperature working condition is mainly oriented towards defining the tyre product. The insertion of an SP inside such a complex tyre model, with the purpose of only analysing its behaviour, would be too time consuming considering the strong nonlinear behaviour of the tyre model. Therefore, this work presents a method that can be used to define a computationally lightweight finite element method (FEM) simulation, which is able to recreate the working conditions to which an SP is subjected. The basic idea behind this method is to separate the analysis of the SP from the structural tyre analyses; the latter is only run once, independently. The first task is to impose the deformed shape on a simplified model of the tyre with a bonded SP. All the deformation states that occur during rolling are computed in a static FEM simulation. The second task is to apply the inertial forces that act on the SP, whether computed or measured directly on the tyre, as external loads. These tasks are implemented in user-defined routines that are executed by the FEM solver. The method permits the stress concentration inside the RH material volume to be identified, at any angular position of the wheel. This information is then used, during the design process, to identify the most suitable geometry to level out the stress distribution. The resulting shape can be tested under different boundary conditions, by substituting the corresponding data arrays, but using the same FEM model. Since the deformed shapes and inertial forces are stored as simple text matrices (which are also used to form a test library), they can be easily interchanged in a flexible way. This more extended design process can reduce the costs of prototyping moulds. The proposed methodology has been developed and tested for the Pirelli Cyber TM Tyre project.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
NHTSA (2001) Notices and final rules, TREAD Act. Accessed 31 May 2013. http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/rulings/index_treadact.html
NHTSA (2001) Tire pressure monitoring system FMVSS no. 138. Accessed 31 May 2013. http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Rulemaking/Rules/Associated%20Files/tirepressure-fmvss-138.pdf
Ergen S, Sangiovanni-Vincentelli A, Sun X, Tebano R, Alalusi S, Audisio G, Sabatini M (2009) Computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems. IEEE Transactions on 28(7):941. doi:10.1109/TCAD.2009.2022879
Official journal of the European Union Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (2009). Accessed 31 May 2013. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:200:0001:0024:EN:PDF.
Matsuzaki R, Todoroki A (2005) Sensors and Actuators A 119(2):323. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2004.10.014
Matsuzaki R, Todoroki A (2007) Sensors and Actuators A 140(1):32. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2007.06.014
Erdogan G, Alexander L, Rajamani R (2010) Meas. Sci. Technol. 21(1):015201. doi:10.1007/s00170-011-3729-0. http://stacks.iop.org/0957-0233/21/i=1/a=015201
Erdogan G, Alexander L, Rajamani R (2011) Sensors Journal, IEEE 11(2):267. doi:10.1109/JSEN.2010.2053198
Flatscher M, Dielacher M, Herndl T, Lentsch T, Matischek R, Prainsack J, Pribyl W, Theuss H, Weber W (2009) In: Solid-state circuits conference digest of technical papers, 2009. ISSCC 2009. IEEE International
Chee YH, Koplow M, Mark M, Pletcher N, Seeman M, Burghardt F, Steingart D, Rabaey J, Wright P, Sanders S (2008) In: Design Automation Conference, 2008. DAC 2008. 45th ACM/IEEE
Audisio G (2010) IEEE Solid-state circuits magazine 119(2):16. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2010.938647
Roundy S, Wright PK (2003). In: Rabaey JM (ed) Energy scavenging for wireless sensor networks. Kluwer Academic , Dordrecht. ISBN:978-1-4613-5100-9
Roundy S, Leland E, Baker J, Carleton E, Reilly E, Lai E, Otis B, Rabaey J, Wright P, Sundararajan V (2005) Pervasive Computing, IEEE 4(1):28. doi:10.1109/MPRV.2005.14
Bonisoli E, Canova A, Freschi F, Moos S, Repetto M, Tornincasa S (2010) IEEE Trans Magn 46(8):2856. Cited By (since 1996)8
Koch RW, Walenga GJ, Wilson PB (2002) Method for bonding an active tag to a patch and a tire. Patent, vol 6444069. US
Martin T (2007) Device for mounting electronic monitoring components to a tire. Patent, vol 7275427. US
Bertrand D (2010) Patch for fixing an electronic system to a tire. Patent, vol 7770444. US
Hironaka T (2009) Mounting structure of electronic device, and pneumatic tire onto which electronic device is mounted by such mounting structure. Patent, vol 2009. US
Bonisoli E, Moos S, Repetto M, Tornincasa S, Freschi F, Mancosu F, Brusarosco M (2012) Method and system for generating electric energy in a tyre. Patent, vol 20120211997 . US
Löhndorf M, Kvisterøy T, Westby E, Halvorsen E (2007) In: Proceedings of PowerMEMS2007. Freiburg, Germany, pp 331–334
Ghoreishy MHR (2008) Iran Polym J 17(8):571
Ghoreishy M (2006) Plastics, Rubber and Composites 35(2):83
Yanjin G, Guoqun Z, Gang C (2011) J Reinf Plast Compos 30(3):229
Beda T (2007) J Polym Sci B 45(13):1713. doi:10.1002/polb.20928. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.20928/abstract
Ali A, Hosseini M, Sahari BB (2010) American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3(1):232. doi:10.3844/ajeassp.2010.232.239. http://thescipub.com/abstract/10.3844/ajeassp.2010.232.239
I. Global Industry Analysts (2013) Global tire shipments to reach 1.7 billion units by 2015. Accessed 31 May 2013. http://www.prweb.com/releases/tires_OEM/replacement_tire/prweb4545704.htm
Fervers C (2004) J Terramech 41(2-3):87. doi:10.1016/j.jterra.2004.02.012
Nyhoff L (1997) In: Leestma S (ed) Fortran 90 for engineers and scientists. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River
Simulia (2013) Abaqus user subroutines reference manual http://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/support/ documentation, Accessed 7 Oct 2013.
Simulia (2013) Abaqus analysis user’s manual. Accessed 7 Oct 2013. http://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/support/documentation
Ghosh P, Saha A, Bohara P, Mukhopadhyay R (2006) Rubber world 233(4):22. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2010.938647
Flugge W (1980) Viscoelasticity. Springer, Heidelberg
Simulia (2013) Abaqus scripting user’s guide. Accessed 7 Oct 2013. http://www.3ds.com/products/simulia/support/documentation
Pirelli & C.S.p.A. (2010) The pirelli Cyber TM Tyre: technical specifications. Accessed 17 Sep 2013. http://www.pirelli.com/tyre/ww/en/news/2010/03/02/the-pirelli-cyber-tyre-technical-specifications
Pirelli & C. S.p.A. (2012) Pirelli presenta Cyber TM Fleet anche in brasile. Accessed 17 Sep 2013. http://www.pirelli.com/tyre/it/it/news/2012/12/05/pirelli-presenta-cybertm-fleet-anche-in-brasile/
UNECE (2007) Regulation no. 30—uniform provisions concerning the approval of pneumatic tyres for motor vehicles and their trailers. Accessed 15 Apr 2014. http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/r030r3e.pdf
UNECE (2004) Regulation no. 54—uniform provisions concerning the approval of pneumatic tyres for commercial vehicles and their trailers. Accessed 15 Apr 2014. http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/r054r2e.pdf
UNECE (1997) Regulation no. 75—uniform provisions concerning the approval of pneumatic tyres for motor cycles and mopeds. Accessed 15 Apr 2014. http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/r075r1e.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Di Monaco, F., Moos, S., Tornincasa, S. et al. Guidelines for the design of tyre sensor housings. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 75, 573–597 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6092-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6092-0