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Geology and geochronology of the Banchang distal Cu-Mo skarn deposit, Central China

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Abstract

Banchang is the largest Cu-Mo deposit (348 Mt @ 0.32% Cu and 428 Mt @ 0.07% Mo) in the Qinling orogenic belt, Central China. Orebodies are hosted in the contact between several granitoid dikes and graphite-bearing marble of the Neoproterozoic Yanlinggou Formation. Wallrock alteration comprises garnet skarn, pyroxene skarn, chlorite skarn, and stockwork chlorite-altered marble. Three hydrothermal stages are indicated: (I) prograde skarn stage, (II) retrograde skarn stage, and (III) main sulfides stage. New zircon U-Pb data show two magmatic events, including early Paleozoic granite porphyry (442 − 427 Ma), and late Mesozoic biotite monzogranite porphyry and late Mesozoic granite porphyry (147 − 146 Ma). The zircon trace element compositions show that the late Mesozoic granitoids with ∆FMQ = -0.7 to 2.3 (avg. 0.5; EuN/EuN* > 0.6) resemble the Cu ore-related granitoid in the Qinling orogenic belt and indicate high oxygen fugacity and water contents in the magma. The early Paleozoic granitoids have ∆FMQ= -2.4 to 0.6 (avg. -0.7; EuN/EuN* < 0.2). Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) on the prograde garnet and pyroxene reveal predominantly andradite (And40 − 94Gro0−51) and diopside (Di53 − 98Hd10−55) compositions, respectively. The garnet Fe3+ contents decreases whereas the pyroxene Fe2+ contents increases from the late Mesozoic granitoid dikes to the marble. This suggests a gradual evolution of the skarn from an oxidized to a reduced state. Stage III sulfide minerals have δ34S = -2.1 to 4.8‰, indicating a magmatic origin. The temporal-spatial relationships, magmatic oxygen fugacity and water contents, zoning of prograde skarn minerals, and the source of sulfur indicate a genetic link between the skarn mineralization and late Mesozoic granitoid dikes. This study proposes a distal Cu-Mo skarn ore deposit model associated with granitoid dikes and some implications for mineral exploration in the Qinling orogenic belt and elsewhere.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Profs. Zhenyu Chen and Kejun Hou for their assistance in the EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses. The authors thank Yao Juan, Lian Shipo, and Wang Wenbo (No. 1 Geo-Exploration Institute, Henan Bureau of Geo-exploration and Mineral Development) for their support in the field mapping and sample collection. We thank Dr. Wei Li and Qiaoqiao Zhu for helping in the manuscript revision, and the reviewers and associate editor for their insightful comments and suggestions during the article review process.

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This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41925011) and the Henan Natural Resources Research Project (2019-373-1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, 100037, China

    Zhaoyi Li & Guiqing Xie

  2. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China

    Zhaoyi Li

  3. MNR Key Laboratory for Exploration Theory & Technology of Critical Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Guiqing Xie

  4. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Guiqing Xie

  5. The First Geo-exploration Institute, Henan Province Bureau of Geo-exploration and Mineral Development, Zhengzhou, 450001, China

    Shengli Li & Yuan Wei

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Li, Z., Xie, G., Li, S. et al. Geology and geochronology of the Banchang distal Cu-Mo skarn deposit, Central China. Miner Deposita (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-024-01256-5

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