Abstract
Key message
Characterized novel mutations present at Ppo loci account for the substantial reduction of the total kernel PPO activity present in a putative null Ppo - A1 genetic background.
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) polyphenol oxidase (PPO) contributes to the time-dependent discoloration of Asian noodles. Wheat contains multiple paralogous and orthologous Ppo genes, Ppo-A1, Ppo-D1, Ppo-A2, Ppo-D2, and Ppo-B2, expressed in wheat kernels. To date, wheat noodle color improvement efforts have focused on breeding cultivars containing Ppo-D1 and Ppo-A1 alleles conferring reduced PPO activity. A major impediment to wheat quality improvement is a lack of additional Ppo alleles conferring reduced kernel PPO. In this study, a previously reported very low PPO line, 07OR1074, was found to contain a novel allele at Ppo-A2 and null alleles at the Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 loci. To examine the impact of each mutation upon kernel PPO, populations were generated from crosses between 07OR1074 and the hard white spring wheat cultivars Choteau and Vida. Expression analysis using RNA-seq demonstrated no detectable Ppo-A1 transcripts in 07OR1074 while Ppo-D1 transcripts were present at less than 10 % of that seen in Choteau and Vida. Novel markers specific for the Ppo-D1 and Ppo-A2 mutations discovered in 07OR1074, along with the Ppo-A1 STS marker, were used to screen segregating populations. Evaluation of lines indicated a substantial genotypic effect on PPO with Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 alleles contributing significantly to total PPO in both populations. These results show that the novel mutations in Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 present in 07OR1074 are both important to lowering overall wheat seed PPO activity and may be useful to produce more desirable and marketable wheat-based products.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
21 October 2019
The above-mentioned article was published in 2015 with an error in the reverse primer sequence for the PPOA2d1074 marker, which made amplification difficult. The reverse primer was missing a thymine nucleotide at the thirteenth position (GCGGTGCTTCACTTGGT).
21 October 2019
The above-mentioned article was published in 2015 with an error in the reverse primer sequence for the PPOA2d1074 marker, which made amplification difficult. The reverse primer was missing a thymine nucleotide at the thirteenth position (GCGGTGCTTCACTTGGT).
23 March 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-023-04308-y
References
Anderson J, Lubberstedt T (2003) Functional markers in plants. Trends Plant Sci 18:554–560
Anderson JV, Morris CF (2001) An improved whole-seed assay for screening wheat germplasm for polyphenol oxidase activity. Crop Sci 41:1697–1705
Baik BK, Czuchajowska Z, Pomeranz Y (1995) Discoloration of dough for oriental noodles. Cereal Chem 72(2):198–205
Beecher BS, Skinner DZ (2011) Molecular cloning and expression analysis of multiple polyphenol oxidase genes in developing wheat (Triticum aestivum) kernels. J Cereal Sci 19:291–296
Beecher BS, Carter AH, See DR (2012) Genetic mapping of new seed-expressed polyphenol oxidase genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 124:1463–1473
Chang C, Zhang HP, Xu J, You MS, Li BY, Liu GT (2007) Variation in two PPO genes associated with polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common wheat. Euphytica 154:181–193
Demeke T, Morris CF, Campbell KG, King GE, Anderson JA (2001) Wheat polyphenol oxidase: distribution and genetic mapping in three inbred line populations. Crop Sci 44:1750–1757
Elias EM, Miller JD (1998) Registration of ‘mountrail’ durum wheat. Crop Sci 40:1499–1500
Flurkey WH (1986) Polyphenoloxidase in higher plants. Plant Physiol 81:614–618
Fuerst PE, Xu SS, Beecher B (2008) Genetic characterization of kernel polyphenol oxidases in wheat and related species. J Cereal Sci 48:359–368
Giroux MJ, Morris CF (1998) Wheat grain hardness results from highly conserved mutations in the friabilin components puroindoline a and b. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA pp 6262–6266
He XY, He ZH, Zhang LP, Sun DJ, Morris CF, Fuerst EP, Xia XC (2007) Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes located on chromosome 2A and 2D and development of functional markers for the PPO genes in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet 115:47–58
Holderbaum DF, Kon T, Kudo T, Guerra MP (2010) Enzymatic browning, polyphenol oxidase activity, and polyphenols in four apple cultivars: dynamics during fruit development. HortScience 45(8):1150–1154
Jimenez M, Dubcovsky J (1999) Chromosome location of genes affecting polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common and durum wheat. Plant Breed 118:395–398
Jukanti AK, Bruckner PL, Fischer AM (2004) Evaluation of wheat polyphenol oxidase genes. Cereal Chem 81(4):481–485
Jukanti AK, Bruckner PL, Fisher AM (2006) Molecular and biochemical characterization of polyphenol oxidases in developing kernels and senescing leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Funct Plant Biol 33:685–696
Kahn V (1975) Polyphenol oxidase activity and browning of three avocado varieties. J Sci Fd Agric 26:1319–1324
Martin JM, Berg JE, Hofer P, Kephart KD, Nash D, Bruckner PL (2011) Allelic variation of polyphenol oxidase genes impacts on Chinese raw noodle color. J Cereal Sci 54:387–394
Matheis G, Whitaker JR (1984) Modification of proteins by polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase and their products. J Food Biochem 8:137–162
Mayer AM, Harel E (1979) Polyphenol oxidases in plants. Phytochemistry 18:193–215
McCallum JA, Walker JR (1990) O-diphenol oxidase activity, phenolic content and colour of New Zealand wheats, flours and milling streams. J Cereal Sci 12:83–96
Mergoum M, Frohberg RC, Olson T, Friesen TL, Rasmussen JB, Stack RW (2006) Registration of ‘Glenn’ wheat. Crop Sci 46:473–474
Morris CF, Jeffers HC, Engle DA (2000) Effect of processing, formula and measurement variables on alkaline noodle color- toward an optimized laboratory system. Cereal Chem 77(1):77–85
Nicot N, Hausman JF, Hoffman L, Evers D (2005) Housekeeping gene selection for real-time RT-PCR normalization in potato during biotic and abiotic stress. J Exp Bot 56(421):2907–2914
Nilthong S, Graybosch RA, Baenziger PS (2012) Inheritance of grain polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in multiple wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic backgrounds. Theor Appl Genet 125:1705–1715
Nilthong S, Graybosch RA, Baenziger (2013) Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents. Euphytica 190(1):65–73
Onto S (2011) Genetics of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research in Agronomy and Horticulture. Paper 35 http://digitalcommons.unk.edu/agronhortdiss/35
Park WJ, Shelton DR, Peterson CJ, Martin TJ, Kachman SD, Wehling RL (1997) Variation in polyphenol oxidase activity and quality characteristics among hard white wheat and hard red winter wheat samples. Cereal Chem 74(1):7–11
Raman R, Raman H, Johnstone K, Lisle C, Smith A, Martin P, Allen H (2005) Genetic and in silico comparative mapping of the polyphenol oxidase gene in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) functional and integrated. Genomics 5:185–200
Riede CR, Anderson JA (1996) Linkage of RFLP markers to an aluminum tolerance gene in wheat. Crop Sci 36:905–909
SAS Institute (2011) SAS 9.3 for Windows. SAS Inst., Cary, NC
Sun Y, He Z, Ma W, Xia X (2011) Alternative splicing in the coding region of Ppo-A1 directly influences the polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Funct Integr Genomics 1:1–9
Swan CG, Meyer FD, Hogg AC, Martin JM, Giroux JM (2006) Puroindoline b limits binding of puroindoline a to starch and grain softness. Crop Sci 46:1656–1665
Talbert LE, Hofer P, Nash D, Martin JM, Lanning SP, Sherman JD, Giroux MJ (2013) Hard white versus hard red wheats: taste tests and milling and baking properties. Cereal Chem 90(3):249–255
Tran LT, Taylor JS, Constabel CP (2012) The polyphenol oxidase gene family in land plants: lineage-specific duplication and expansion. BMC Genom 13:395. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-395
Wang XB, Si HQ, Qiao YQ, Chang C, He XF, Xia YX (2009) Gene markers for grain polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat. Mol Breed 23:163–170
Watanabe N, Takeuchi A, Nakayama A (2004) Inheritance and chromosomal location of the homeologous genes affecting phenol colour reaction of kernels in durum wheat. Euphytica 139:87–93
Whitaker L, Lee CY (1995) Recent advances in chemistry of enzymatic browning. Enzymatic browning and its prevention. ACS Symposium Series 600, American Chemical Society, Washington
Zhang LP, Ge XX, He ZH, Wang DS, Yan J, Xia XC, Sutherland MW (2005) Mapping QTLs for polyphenol oxidase activity in a DH population from common wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica 31:7–10
Acknowledgments
We thank the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee for financial support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by A. Zhang.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hystad, S.M., Martin, J.M., Graybosch, R.A. et al. Genetic characterization and expression analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum) line 07OR1074 exhibiting very low polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. Theor Appl Genet 128, 1605–1615 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2535-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2535-8