Skip to main content
Log in

Left heart function in COPD

Impact of lung deflation

Linksherzfunktion bei COPD

Einfluss der Lungenentblähung

  • Main topic
  • Published:
Herz Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) primarily affects the lungs; however, cardiovascular conditions are among the most common extrapulmonary comorbidities. Besides shared risk factors such as cigarette smoking, pathophysiological connections between the lung and the heart have been identified as mediators of reduced cardiac output. Recent research has focused on hyperinflation of the lung as a pulmonary cause for heart dysfunction. Hyperinflation is a typical lung abnormality seen in COPD; it is characterized by increased residual volume, intrathoracic gas volume, and total lung capacity while vital capacity is decreased. The degree of hyperinflation with airway obstruction is inversely related to left ventricular filling, stroke volume, and cardiac output. The underlying mechanisms are assumed to be compression of the pulmonary veins and thus reduced preload of the left heart as well as decreased pulmonary microvascular blood flow due to compression of the pulmonary vasculature. Treatment with a dual bronchodilator antagonizes this detrimental lung–heart unbalance effectively: Pulmonary blood flow, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and stroke volume increase in COPD patients without cardiac abnormalities. Similar effects, yet less pronounced, were reported with single bronchodilator therapy. Future work needs to investigate whether these promising findings can be reproduced in COPD patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Zusammenfassung

Die chronisch obstruktive Lungenkrankheit (COPD) betrifft in erster Linie die Atemwege, kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen zählen jedoch zu den häufigsten Komorbiditäten. Neben gemeinsamen Risikofaktoren wie dem Rauchen tragen zusätzlich pathophysiologische Wechselwirkungen zwischen Lunge und Herz zu einer verringerten kardialen Auswurfleistung bei. Die aktuelle Forschung konzentriert sich v. a. auf die Lungenüberblähung als Ursache für eine reduzierte Herzleistung bei Patienten mit COPD. Die Überblähung ist eine für die COPD typische pulmonale Funktionsabweichung, die durch ein erhöhtes Residualvolumen, intrathorakales Gasvolumen und eine vergrößerte totale Lungenkapazität bei erniedrigter Vitalkapazität charakterisiert ist. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem Grad der Überblähung und linksventrikulärem enddiastolischem Volumen, Schlagvolumen und Auswurfleistung ist umgekehrt proportional. Dem zugrunde liegen vermutlich erstens eine Kompression der Pulmonalvenen, die zu einer verringerten linksventrikulären Vorlast führt, und zweitens eine Kompression des pulmonalen Kapillarbetts, die einen verminderten pulmonalen mikrovaskulären Blutfluss zur Folge hat. Die Behandlung mit einem dualen Bronchodilatator korrigiert dieses Ungleichgewicht zwischen Lunge und Herz in eine günstige Richtung: Pulmonaler Blutfluss, linksventrikuläres enddiastolisches Volumen und Schlagvolumen erhöhen sich bei überblähten COPD-Patienten ohne kardiale Vorerkrankungen. Ähnliche Effekte, jedoch schwächer ausgeprägt, lassen sich mit einer einfachen bronchienerweiternden Therapie erreichen. Eine zukünftige Forschungsaufgabe liegt darin zu untersuchen, ob sich ähnlich positive Ergebnisse bei COPD-Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen erzielen lassen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adeloye D, Chua S, Lee C et al (2015) Global and regional estimates of COPD prevalence: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 5(2):020415. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.05-020415

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization (2018) Global health estimates 2016: deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB et al (2006) Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J 28(6):1245–1257. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00133805

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. André S, Conde B, Fragoso E et al (2018) COPD and cardiovascular disease. Pulmonology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pulmoe.2018.09.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2019) Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2019 report. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/GOLD-2019-v1.7-FINAL-14Nov2018-WMS.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  6. Andreas S, Anker SD, Scanlon PD et al (2005) Neurohumoral activation as a link to systemic manifestations of chronic lung disease. Chest 128(5):3618–3624. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.5.3618

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Andreas S, Haarmann H, Klarner S et al (2014) Increased sympathetic nerve activity in COPD is associated with morbidity and mortality. Am J Physiol 192(2):235–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-013-9544-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Heindl S, Lehnert M, Criee CP et al (2001) Marked sympathetic activation in patients with chronic respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164(4):597–601. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.4.2007085

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Raupach T, Bahr F, Herrmann P et al (2008) Slow breathing reduces sympathoexcitation in COPD. Eur Respir J 32(2):387–392. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00109607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Forfia PR, Vaidya A, Wiegers SE (2013) Pulmonary heart disease: the heart-lung interaction and its impact on patient phenotypes. Pulm Circ 3(1):5–19. https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-8932.109910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Smith BM, Kawut SM, Bluemke DA et al (2013) Pulmonary hyperinflation and left ventricular mass. Circulation 127(14):1503–1511e6. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001653

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Heistad DD, Abboud FM (1980) Dickinson W. Richards Lecture: Circulatory adjustments to hypoxia. Circulation 61(3):463–470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Coats AJ, Adamopoulos S, Radaelli A et al (1992) Controlled trial of physical training in chronic heart failure. Exercise performance, hemodynamics, ventilation, and autonomic function. Circulation 85(6):2119–2131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Grassi G, Seravalle G, Quarti-Trevano F et al (2009) Sympathetic activation in congestive heart failure: evidence, consequences and therapeutic implications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 7(2):137–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Haarmann H, Folle J, Nguyen XP et al (2016) Sympathetic activation is associated with exercise limitation in COPD. COPD 13(5):589–594. https://doi.org/10.3109/15412555.2015.1136272

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Watz H, Waschki B, Meyer T et al (2010) Decreasing cardiac chamber sizes and associated heart dysfunction in COPD: role of hyperinflation. Chest 138(1):32–38. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2810

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Barr RG, Bluemke DA, Ahmed FS et al (2010) Percent emphysema, airflow obstruction, and impaired left ventricular filling. N Engl J Med 362(3):217–227. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808836

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Alter P, Watz H, Kahnert K et al (2018) Airway obstruction and lung hyperinflation in COPD are linked to an impaired left ventricular diastolic filling. Respir Med 137:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.02.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Smith BM, Prince MR, Hoffman EA et al (2013) Impaired left ventricular filling in COPD and emphysema: is it the heart or the lungs? The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis COPD Study. Chest 144(4):1143–1151. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-0183

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Kohli P, Neilan TG, Natarajan P et al (2014) Hyperinflation: a potential effect modifier of cardiovascular performance in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189:A1125

    Google Scholar 

  21. Aaron CP, Hoffman EA, Lima JAC et al (2017) Pulmonary vascular volume, impaired left ventricular filling and dyspnea: The MESA Lung Study. PLoS ONE 12(4):e176180. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Cazzola M, Mantero A, Santus P et al (2007) Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the effects of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists on pulmonary artery pressure in COPD patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 20(3):258–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2006.02.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Beeh KM, Singh D, Di Scala L et al (2012) Once-daily NVA237 improves exercise tolerance from the first dose in patients with COPD: the GLOW3 trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 7:503–513. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S32451

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Santus P, Radovanovic D, Di Marco S et al (2015) Effect of indacaterol on lung deflation improves cardiac performance in hyperinflated COPD patients: an interventional, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 10:1917–1923. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S91684

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Stone IS, Barnes NC, James W‑Y et al (2016) Lung deflation and cardiovascular structure and function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 193(7):717–726. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201508-1647OC

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Beeh K‑M, Derom E, Echave-Sustaeta J et al (2016) The lung function profile of once-daily tiotropium and olodaterol via Respimat® is superior to that of twice-daily salmeterol and fluticasone propionate via Accuhaler® (ENERGITO® study). Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 11:193–205. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S95055

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Hohlfeld JM, Vogel-Claussen J, Biller H et al (2018) Effect of lung deflation with indacaterol plus glycopyrronium on ventricular filling in patients with hyperinflation and COPD (CLAIM): a double-blind, randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre trial. Lancet Respir Med 6(5):368–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30054-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Vogel-Claussen J, Schonfeld C‑O, Kaireit TF et al (2019) Effect of Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium on pulmonary perfusion and ventilation in Hyperinflated COPD patients (CLAIM): a double-blind, Randomised, crossover trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201805-0995OC

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Vogelmeier CF, Bateman ED, Pallante J et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of once-daily QVA149 compared with twice-daily salmeterol-fluticasone in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ILLUMINATE): a randomised, double-blind, parallel group study. Lancet Respir Med 1(1):51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(12)70052-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bateman ED, Ferguson GT, Barnes N et al (2013) Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur Respir J 42(6):1484–1494. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00200212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. M. Hohlfeld.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

J. Bauersachs’s, T. Welte’s and J.M. Hohlfeld’s institutions received grant support for conducting clinical studies on the impact of dual bronchodilation in COPD patients by Novartis Pharma GmbH. Moreover, they received personal honoraria for advisory boards and lectures from Novartis Pharma GmbH. N. Struß declares that she has no competing interests.

For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies performed were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Struß, N., Bauersachs, J., Welte, T. et al. Left heart function in COPD. Herz 44, 477–482 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-019-4816-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-019-4816-5

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation