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Three-dimensional imaging and molecular analysis of the effects of photobiomodulation and mechanical vibration on orthodontic retention treatment in rats

Effects of photobiomodulation and mechanical vibration on orthodontic retention treatment

Dreidimensionale Bildgebung und molekulare Analyse der Auswirkungen von Photobiomodulation und mechanischer Vibration auf die kieferorthopädische Retentionsbehandlung bei Ratten

Auswirkungen von Photobiomodulation und mechanischer Vibration auf die kieferorthopädische Retentionsbehandlung

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Abstract

Purpose

We aimed to evaluate and compare effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) and low-magnitude high-frequency mechanical vibration (HFMV) on orthodontic retention.

Methods

Sixty-four female Wistar albino rats were divided into 9 groups (2 negative and positive controls each, 3 PBM and 2 HFMV groups) and studied for 25 days. In the experimental groups, closed nickel–titanium closed coil springs with a 50 cN force were placed for 10 days between the maxillary incisor and molar. PBM and HFMV were applied daily over long- (15 days) and short-term (7 days) retention periods. The PBM groups received PBM with a single wavelength (650 nm) or higher wavelengths (532, 650, 940 nm) for 9 min per day. HFMV groups received HFMV of 10, 20, and 30 Hz for 10 min per day. Right and left maxilla were assessed using micro-computed tomography imaging and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The amount of tooth movement during the retention period, expression levels of cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX-2), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) mRNA gene expression levels, OPG/RANKL ratios, alveolar bone trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and structure model index were analyzed. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for multiple comparisons of the nonparametric distributed data and binary comparisons, respectively.

Results

When using the long-term retention protocol, PBM and HFMV treatment increased Tb.N (p < 0.05) and decreased COX‑2 mRNA gene expression levels (p < 0.05) and Tb.Th (p < 0.05) compared to controls. For short-term retention, PBM and HFMV decreased the amount of relapse tooth movement compared to controls. In addition, Tb.Th (p < 0.05) and the mRNA gene expression levels of COX‑2 and RANKL (p < 0.05) were decreased.

Conclusion

PBM and HFMV might be able to support retention after orthodontic tooth movement by reducing bone resorption and increasing bone quality.

Zusammenfassung

Zielsetzung

Unser Ziel war es, die Auswirkungen von Photobiomodulation (PBM) und schwacher hochfrequenter mechanischer Vibration (HFMV) auf die kieferorthopädische Retention zu untersuchen und zu vergleichen.

Methoden

Vierundsechzig weibliche Wistar-Albino-Ratten wurden in 9 Gruppen aufgeteilt (je 2 Negativ- und Positivkontrollen, 3 PBM- und 2 HFMV-Gruppen) und 25 Tage lang untersucht. In den Versuchsgruppen wurden 10 Tage lang geschlossene Nickel-Titan-Schraubenfedern mit einer Kraft von 50 cN zwischen den oberen Schneidezähnen und Molaren platziert. PBM und HFMV wurden täglich über lange (15 Tage) und kurze (7 Tage) Retentionszeiten appliziert. Die PBM-Gruppen erhielten PBM mit einer einzigen Wellenlänge (650 nm) oder höheren Wellenlängen (532, 650, 940 nm) für 9 min pro Tag. Die HFMV-Gruppen erhielten HFMV von 10, 20 und 30 Hz für 10 min pro Tag. Der rechte und linke Oberkiefer wurde mittels Mikro-Computertomographie-Bildgebung und Real-time-Polymerasekettenreaktion untersucht. Das Ausmaß der Zahnbewegung während der Retentionszeit, das mRNA-Expressionsniveau von Zyklooxygenase‑2 (COX-2), Osteoprotegerin (OPG) und Rezeptoraktivator des Nuklearfaktor-κ-B-Liganden (RANKL), das OPG/RANKL-Verhältnis, die trabekuläre Dicke des Alveolarknochens (Tb.Th), die trabekuläre Anzahl (Tb.N) und der Strukturmodellindex wurden analysiert. Für multiple Vergleiche der nichtparametrisch verteilten Daten bzw. für binäre Vergleiche wurden der Kruskal-Wallis- und der Mann-Whitney-U-Test verwendet.

Ergebnisse

Bei Anwendung des Langzeit-Retentionsprotokolls erhöhte die PBM- und HFMV-Behandlung die Tb.N (p < 0,05) und verringerte die COX-2-mRNA-Genexpressionslevel (p < 0,05) und die Tb.Th (p < 0,05) im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen. Bei der Kurzzeitretention verringerten PBM und HFMV im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen das Ausmaß der Rezidivzahnbewegung. Darüber hinaus wurden Tb.Th (p < 0,05) und die mRNA-Genexpressionsniveaus von COX‑2 und RANKL (p < 0,05) verringert.

Schlussfolgerung

PBM und HFMV könnten in der Lage sein, die Retention nach kieferorthopädischer Zahnbewegung zu unterstützen, indem sie die Knochenresorption reduzieren und die Knochenqualität erhöhen.

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Funding

The research leading to these results received funding from Erciyes University Scientific Research Unit under Grant Agreement No TDH-2018-8304.

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  1. Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

    Taner Öztürk DDS, MDS & Nisa Gül Amuk DDS, PhD

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The Local Ethics Committee of Animal Experiments of the Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey (Approval code: 18/011) approved the study. During this study, it was declared that the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of in vivo Experiments) guidelines and EU Directive 2010/63/EU criteria were complied with in animal experiments.

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Öztürk, T., Gül Amuk, N. Three-dimensional imaging and molecular analysis of the effects of photobiomodulation and mechanical vibration on orthodontic retention treatment in rats. J Orofac Orthop 83 (Suppl 1), 24–41 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-021-00296-0

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