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An Optimized IWT–DCT Watermarking Scheme Based on Multiple Matrix Decomposition and MOWOA2

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Abstract

In this paper, we propose a mixed-domain watermarking algorithm based on integer wavelet transform (IWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and multiple matrix decomposition. The combination of IWT–DCT avoids the rounding error of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in the existing algorithm, so it has better performance than the combination of DWT–DCT. Singular value decomposition (SVD) based watermarking algorithm has a false positive problem (FPP), despite its strong robustness. To solve FPP, we propose a scheme based on two-stage encryption and multi-decomposition. This scheme also further improves the security of the algorithm. In addition, we double embed the watermark data into the host image, and introduce improved multi-objective whale optimization algorithm (MOWOA2) to optimize the embedding intensity of different frequency sub-bands. It not only avoids the problem of weight selection in the face of multiple fitness functions, but it strengthens the algorithm's resistance to various attacks. In comparison to other relevant algorithms, simulation findings demonstrate that the proposed approach has good security, invisibility, and robustness, particularly in resisting various clipping attacks and flipping assaults.

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Data Availability

The image datasets that support the findings of this study are available from http://sipi.usc.edu /database. The remaining data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this paper.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61971328 and 62371364, and in part by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (Program No. 2023-JC-YB-048).

Funding

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61971328 and 62371364) and the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (2023-JC-YB-048).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, People’s Republic of China

    Deyun Wei & Yang Deng

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  1. Deyun Wei
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Correspondence to Deyun Wei.

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Wei, D., Deng, Y. An Optimized IWT–DCT Watermarking Scheme Based on Multiple Matrix Decomposition and MOWOA2. Circuits Syst Signal Process (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-024-02707-0

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