Abstract
This study examines seasonal and annual mean temperature changes from 1970 to 2014. Climatologically, the June–July–August season exhibited the highest (27 °C) mean temperatures over the country, followed by March–April–May (MAM; 20.2 °C), September–October–November (SON; 19.1 °C), and December–January–February (DJF; 8.8 °C), while the annual mean was 18.8 °C. The southern region exhibited higher mean temperatures than the northern region for the DJF, MAM, JJA, SON, and annual timescales during the study period. The seasonal trend across the country was highest in MAM (0.027 °C/year), followed by SON (0.025 °C/year), DJF (0.023 °C/year), and JJA (0.016 °C/year). The interannual trend increased significantly at 0.023 °C/year across the country. Across the north, MAM showed the highest increase (nonsignificant) in trends at 0.025 °C/year, followed by a significant increase during SON (0.018 °C/year), DJF (0.017 °C/year), and JJA (0.010 °C/year), while annual trends were the lowest (0.017 °C/year). Examination of abrupt change over Pakistan showed nonsignificant change during JJA, while MAM, JJA, SON, and annual timescales demonstrated significant positive and negative changes. Decadal anomalies showed long-term positive tendencies in DJF (since 1990–2014) temperature, followed by JJA, SON, annual, and MAM timescales (2000–2014). In conclusion, the observed changes in temperature were significantly robust and promise increasing signal patterns in all time scales.
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Availability of Data and Materials
The Climate Research Unit (CRU) dataset used in this study is freely available at the repository [https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/] of the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology for providing a research-friendly environment and resources. The authors owe a huge debt of gratitude to the University of East Angelia, Climate Research Unit, for provision of the datasets employed in the study.
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This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41625019, 42175035, 42075032).
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Conceptualization: RK and GT; Methodology: RK, GT, and BA; Software: RK, MAAA, HN and HB; Data Curation and Validation: RK, GT and HB; Formal Analysis: RK, BA and HB; Writing—Original Draft Preparation: RK, GT and BA; Review And Editing: RK, GT, MAAA, HN; Supervision GT.
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Karim, R., Tan, G., Ayugi, B. et al. Surface Air Temperature Variability over Subregions of Pakistan During 1970–2014. Pure Appl. Geophys. 180, 3971–3993 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-023-03359-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-023-03359-y