Abstract
The carrier phase observable is the most preferable means for observation of ionospheric scintillation events. As the ionospheric scintillations show different features at different GNSS frequencies the single-frequency data should be used for complex analysis and data interpretation. The second-order derivative of the GPS signal carrier phase is suggested as a promising means to detect small-scale ionospheric disturbances. The high-rate L1 phase data with no additional processing are used for this purpose. Modeling and experimental results proved the hypothesis. It was revealed the strict dependence of sensitivity of the second-order derivative parameter on GPS receiver hardware features and carrier phase sampling rate.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afanasiev, N. T., Tinin, M. V., & Kolesnik, S. N. (2001). A comparison of results of a numerical simulation and an approximate calculation of statistical characteristics of radio waves in the layer with random inhomogeneities of dielectric permittivity. Waves in Random Media, 11, 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1088/0959-7174/11/4/301.
Afraimovich, E. L., Astafyeva, E. I., Demyanov, V. V., & Gamayunov, I. F. (2009). Mid-latitude amplitude scintillation of GPS signals and GPS performance slips. Advances in Space Research, 43, 964–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2008.09.015.
Afraimovich, E. L., Demyanov, V. V., & Kondakova, T. N. (2003). Degradation of performance of the navigation GPS system in geomagnetically disturbed conditions. GPS Solutions, 7(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-003-0053-7.
Afraimovich, E. L.. & Perevalova, N. P. (2006). GPS-monitoring of earth upper atmosphere, Irkutsk, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, p. 460. ISBN:5-98277-033-7.
Afraimovich, E. L., et al. (2013). Review of GPS/GLONASS studies of the ionospheric response to natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 3, A27. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2013049.
Benton, C. J., & Mitchell, C. N. (2012). GPS satellite oscillator faults mimicking ionospheric phase scintillation. GPS Solutions, 16, 477–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-011-0247-3.
Benton, C. J., & Mitchell, C. N. (2014). Further observations of GPS satellite oscillator anomalies mimicking ionospheric phase scintillation. GPS Solutions, 18, 387–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-013-0338-4.
Bhattacharrya, A., et al. (2000). Nighttime equatorial ionosphere: GPS scintillations and differential carrier phase fluctuations. Radio Science, 35(1), 209–224.
Bougard, B., Sleewaegen, J.M., Spogli, L., Veettil, S.V., Monico, J.F. (2011). CIGALA: Challenging the solar maximum in Brazil with PolaRxS. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation 2011, ION GNSS 2011, pp. 2572–2579.
Briggs, B., & Parkin, I. (1963). On the variation of radio star and satellite scintillations with zenith angle. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 25, 339–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/00219169(63)90150-8.
De la Luz, V., et al. (2018). First joint observations of space weather events over Mexico. Annales Geophysicae, 36, 1347–1360. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1347-2018.
Ghoddousi-Fard, R., Prikryl, P., & Lahaye, F. (2013). GPS phase difference variation statistics: A comparison between phase scintillation index and proxy indices. Advances in Space Research, 52(8), 1397–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.06.035.
Global Positioning Systems Directorate Systems Engineering and Integration Interface Specification: IS-GPS-200J. 2018.
Gorbunov, M. E., & Gurvich, A. S. (1998). Microlab-1 experiment. Multipath effects in the lower troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres., 103(12), 3819–13826. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD00806.
Gulyaeva, T. L., & Stanislawska, I. (2008). Derivation of a planetary ionospheric storm index. Annal Geophys, 26, 2645–2648. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-2645-2008.
Herbster, C. S. (2007). Scintillation effects on national geospatial-intelligence agency (NGA) GPS monitor stations. Proc. of the Int. Beacon Satellite Symp., by Doherty P.H. (ed), Boston College, Boston.
Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., & Wasle, E. (2008). GNSS Global navigation satellite systems; GPS, Glonass, Galileo & more. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-73017-1.
Jacobsen, K. S. (2014). The impact of different sampling rates and calculation time intervals on ROTI values. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 4(2014), A33. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2014031.
Jakowski, N., Borries, C., & Wilken, V. (2012). Introducing a disturbance ionosphere index (DIX). Radio Science, 47, RS0L14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011rs004939.
Jayachandran, P. T., Langley, R. B., MacDougall, J. W., Mushini, S. C., Pokhotelov, D., Hamza, A. M., et al. (2009). The Canadian high arctic ionospheric network (CHAIN). Radio Science, 44, RS0A03. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008RS004046.
Jin, S. G., Jin, R., & Li, D. (2017). GPS detection of ionospheric Rayleigh wave and its source following the 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122(1), 1360–1372. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023727.
Jorgenson, P. S. (1978). Ionosphere measurements from NAVSTAR satellites: SAMSO-TR-29, AD A068809. V. A. P. 22304.
Juan, J. M., Sanz, J., Rovira-Garcia, A., González-Casado, G., Ibáñez, D., & Perez, R. O. (2018a). AATR an ionospheric activity indicator specifically based on GNSS measurements. J Space Weather Space Climate, 8, A14. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2017044.
Juan, J. M., et al. (2018b). Feasibility of precise navigation in high and low latitude regions under scintillation conditions. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 8, A05. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2017047.
Kaplan, E. D. (1996). Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications. Artech House, pp. 556.
Kintner, P. M., Kil, H., & de Paula, E. (2001). Fading time scales associated with GPS signals and potential consequences. Radio Science, 36(4), 731–743.
Kolesnik, S. N., Tinin, M. V., & Afanasiev, N. T. (2002). Statistical characteristics of a wave propagating through a layer with random irregularities. Waves in Random Media, 12, 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1088/0959-7174/12/4/302.
Ledvina BM, Makela JJ, and Kintner PM (2002) First observations of intense GPS L1 amplitude scintillations at multitude. Geophysical. Res. Lett. 29 (14). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014770.
Matsumura, M., et al. (2011). Numerical simulations of atmospheric waves excited by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Earth Planets Space, 63, 885–889.
McCaffrey, A. M., & Jayachandran, P. T. (2017). Spectral characteristics of auroral region scintillation using 100 Hz sampling. GPS Solutions, 21, 1883–1894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-017-0664-z.
McCaffrey, A. M., Jayachandran, P. T., Langley, R. B., & Sleewaegen, J. M. (2018). On the accuracy of the GPS L2 observable for ionospheric monitoring. GPS Solutions, 22, 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-017-0688-4.
Mendillo, M., Lin, B., & Aarons, J. (2000). The application of GPS observations to equatorial aeronomy. Radio Science, 35(3), 885–904. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RS002208.
OMNI-web data base. https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html. Accessed 29 Jan 2018.
Pavelyev, A. G., Liou, Y. A., Wickert, J., Schmidt, T., & Pavelyev, A. A. (2010). Phase acceleration: a new important parameter in GPS occultation technology. GPS Solutions, 14, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-009-0128-1.
Pi, X., Mannucci, A. J., Lindqwister, U. J., & Ho, C. M. (1997). Monitoring of global ionospheric irregularities using the worldwide GPS-network. Geophysical Research Letter, 24, 2283–2286. https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL02273.
Piersanti, M., Alberti, T., Bemporad, A., Berrilli, F., Bruno, R., Vincenzo, C., et al. (2017). Comprehensive analysis of the geoeffective solar event of 21 June 2015: Effects on the magnetosphere, plasmasphere, and ionosphere systems. Solar Physics, 292(11), 169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1186-0.
Prikryl, P., Ghoddousi-Fard, R., Weygand, J. M., Viljanen, A., Connors, M., Danskin, D. W., et al. (2016). GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes during the geomagnetic storm of 17–18 March 2015. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 121(10), 448–465. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023171.
Priyadarshi, S., Zhang, Q. H., Thomas, E. G., Spogli, L., & Cesaroni, C. (2018). Polar traveling ionospheric disturbances inferred with the B-spline method and associated scintillations in the Southern Hemisphere. Advances in Space Research, 62(11), 3249–3266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.08.015.
Tiwari, R., & Strangeways, H. J. (2015). Regionally based alarm index to mitigate ionospheric scintillation effects for GNSS receivers. Space Weather, 13, 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014SW001115.
Tsugawa, T., Saito, A., Otsuka, Y., Nishioka, M., Maruyama, T., Kato, H., et al. (2011). Ionospheric disturbances detected by GPS total electron content observation after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Earth Planets Space, 63, 875–879.
Van Dierendonck, A. J., Klobuchar, J., Hua, Q. (1993). Ionospheric scintillation monitoring using commercial single frequency C/A code receivers. In: Proceedings of ION GPS 1993, Salt Lake City, Utah, pp 1333–1342. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ionospheric-Scintillation-Monitoring-Using-Single-C-Van-John/9ddb800085b45cfea5a579f45c095d99a9df315b.
Voeykov, S. V., Yasyukevich, A. S., Edemskiy, I. K., Perevalova, N. P., & Yasyukevich, Y. U. V. (2018). WTEC: A new index to estimate the intensity of ionospheric disturbances. Results in Physics, 11, 1056–1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.11.023.
Wilken, V., Kriegel, M., Jakowski, N., & Berdermann, J. (2018). An ionospheric index suitable for estimating the degree of ionospheric perturbations. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 8, A19. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2018008.
Cai, C., Liu, Z., Pengfei, X., & Wujiao, D. (2013). Cycle slip detection and repair for undifferenced GPS observations under high ionospheric activity. GPS Solutions, 17, 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-012-0275-7.
PolaRxS SBF Reference Guide for version 2.9.0 of the GNSS Firmware. from http://chain.physics.unb.ca/docs/septentrio/PolaRxS-Firmware-v2.9.0-SBF-Reference-Guide.pdf.
Yasyukevich, Y. U. V. (2017). The 50 Hz JAVAD Data Set for the case study. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848325. Accessed 30 Aug 2017.
Yasyukevich, Yu V, Vesnin, A. M., & Perevalova, N. P. (2018). SibNet—Siberian global navigation satellite system network: Current state. Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 4(4), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-44201809.
Yeh, C. K., Liu, C. H. (1982). Radio wave scintillations in the ionosphere. In: Proc. IEEE 70(4):324-360. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1982.1231.
Acknowlegements
This work was supported by grants 18-35-20038 and 18-05-00343 from Russian Foundation for Basic Research. LANCE acknowledges partial support from CONACyT PN 2015-173, CONACyT-AEM Grant 2017-01-292684, and DGAPA-PAPIIT Grant IN106916. The authors would like to thank the Canadian high arctic ionospheric network (CHAIN) (Jayachandran et al. 2009) for provided 50 Hz GPS data. Other experimental data were obtained from « Angara » Center for Common Use of scientific equipment (http://ckp-rf.ru/ckp/3056/) under budgetary funding of Basic Research program II.12. The OMNI data were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Demyanov, V.V., Yasyukevich, Y.V., Jin, S. et al. The Second-Order Derivative of GPS Carrier Phase as a Promising Means for Ionospheric Scintillation Research. Pure Appl. Geophys. 176, 4555–4573 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02281-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02281-6