Abstract
In Tenerife there are a vast number of sub-horizontal blind water mines, called “galleries”. Seven air and soil temperatures and CO2 concentration profiles in air were carried out inside the Río de Guía gallery (hereinafter RdG). An anomalous stable maximum temperature point (hereinafter MTP) was found around 2000 m from the entrance. During the warm period, a clear CO2 stagnation was detected before MTP, showing concentrations up to 14,000 ppm. In order to study gas emission and its dynamics inside the gallery, four stations were deployed around MTP. All stations recorded air and soil temperatures, and CO2 and Rn concentration in air from November 2009 to January 2011. After analyzing this dataset, it was possible to characterize the influence of MTP. This thermal anomaly divided the gallery into two sections. In the cold period, the outer section located outwards from MTP became colder while the inner section warmed up owing to a less heat transfer into the deepest part of the gallery. There were several short periods when variations in barometric pressure created an advection movement that was able to temporally change the gas behavior inside the gallery. Two soil gas samples were taken around MTP and their δ13C (CO2) ratios suggested a magmatic origin. All data were combined to create a model for the gas and thermal dynamics inside the gallery. This model, together with identification of background levels in each parameter, allows to identify any anomalous signal that could be elated with changes in volcanic activity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aiuppa, A., Bertagnini, A., Métrich, N., Moretti, R., Di Muro, A., Liuzzo, M., et al. (2010). A model of degassing for Stromboli volcano. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 295(1), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.040.
Albert-Beltrán, J. F., Araña, V., Diez, J. L., & Valentin, A. (1990). Physical–chemical conditions of the Teide volcanic system (Tenerife, Canary Islands). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 43(1), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(90)90059-O.
Almendros, J., Ibáñez, J. M., Carmona, E., & Zandomeneghi, D. (2007). Array analyses of volcanic earthquakes and tremor recorded at Las Cañadas caldera (Tenerife Island, Spain) during the 2004 seismic activation of Teide volcano. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 160(3), 285–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.10.002.
Alparone, S., Behncke, B., Giammanco, S., Neri, M., & Privitera, E. (2005). Paroxysmal summit activity at Mt. Etna (Italy) monitored through continuous soil radon measurements. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023352.
Arpa, M. C., Hernández, P. A., Padrón, E., Reniva, P., Padilla, G. D., Bariso, E., et al. (2013). Geochemical evidence of magma intrusion inferred from diffuse CO2 emissions and fumarole plume chemistry: the 2010–2011 volcanic unrest at Taal Volcano, Philippines. Bulletin of Volcanology, 75(10), 747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-013-0747-9.
Atkinson, T. C., Smart, P. L., & Wigley, T. M. L. (1983). Climate and natural radon levels in castleguard cave, Columbia Icefields, Alberta, Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research, 15(4), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/00040851.1983.12004376.
Aware Electronics. (2018). RM specs. https://www.aw-el.com/specs.htm.
Barbosa, S. M., Steinitz, G., Piatibratova, O., Silva, M. E., & Lago, P. (2007). Radon variability at the Elat granite, Israel: Heteroscedasticity and nonlinearity. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030065.
Barde-Cabusson, S., Finizola, A., Revil, A., Ricci, T., Piscitelli, S., Rizzo, E., et al. (2009). New geological insights and structural control on fluid circulation in La Fossa cone (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 185(3), 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.06.002.
CIATF, C. I. d. A. d. T. (2018). Consejo Insular de Aguas de Tenerife. https://www.aguastenerife.org/.
Carracedo, J. C. (1994). The canary islands: An example of structural control on the growth of large oceanic-island volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 60(3), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90053-1.
Carracedo, J. C., Badiola, E. R., Guillou, H., Paterne, M., Scaillet, S., Torrado, F. J. P., et al. (2007). Eruptive and structural history of Teide Volcano and rift zones of Tenerife, Canary Islands. GSA Bulletin, 119(9–10), 1027–1051. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26087.1.
Carracedo, J. C., Guillou, H., Nomade, S., Rodríguez-Badiola, E., Pérez-Torrado, F. J., Rodríguez-González, A., et al. (2011). Evolution of ocean-island rifts: The northeast rift zone of Tenerife, Canary Islands. GSA Bulletin, 123(3–4), 562–584. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30119.1.
Cerdeña, I. D., del Fresno, C., & Rivera, L. (2011). New insight on the increasing seismicity during Tenerife’s 2004 volcanic reactivation. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 206(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.06.005.
Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., Cardellini, C., Avino, R., Granieri, D., & Schmidt, A. (2008). Carbon isotopic composition of soil CO2 efflux, a powerful method to discriminate different sources feeding soil CO2 degassing in volcanic-hydrothermal areas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 274(3), 372–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.051.
Chiodini, G., Cioni, R., Guidi, M., Raco, B., & Marini, L. (1998). Soil CO2 flux measurements in volcanic and geothermal areas. Applied Geochemistry, 13(5), 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00076-0.
Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., Cardellini, C., Granieri, D., Marini, L., & Ventura, G. (2001). CO2 degassing and energy release at Solfatara volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B8), 16213–16221. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000246.
Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., & Raco, B. (1996). Diffuse emission of CO2 from the Fossa crater, Vulcano Island (Italy). Bulletin of Volcanology, 58(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050124.
Cigolini, C., Gervino, G., Bonetti, R., Conte, F., Laiolo, M., Coppola, D., et al. (2005). Tracking precursors and degassing by radon monitoring during major eruptions at Stromboli Volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022606.
Cigolini, C., Laiolo, M., & Coppola, D. (2007). Earthquake–volcano interactions detected from radon degassing at Stromboli (Italy). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 257(3), 511–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.022.
Cox, M. E., Cuff, K. E., & Thomas, D. M. (1980). Variations of ground radon concentrations with activity of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Nature, 288, 74. https://doi.org/10.1038/288074a0.
Delfa, S. L., Agostino, I., Morelli, D., & Patanè, G. (2008). Soil radon concentration and effective stress variation at Mt. Etna (Sicily) in the period January 2003–April 2005. Radiation Measurements, 43(7), 1299–1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.02.004.
Eff-Darwich, A., Martín-Luis, C., Quesada, M., de la Nuez, J., & Coello, J. (2002). Variations on the concentration of 222Rn in the subsurface of the volcanic island of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(22), 2069. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015387.
Eff-Darwich, A., Viñas, R., Soler, V., de la Nuez, J., & Quesada, M. L. (2008). Natural air ventilation in underground galleries as a tool to increase radon sampling volumes for geologic monitoring. Radiation Measurements, 43(8), 1429–1436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.05.006.
Faimon, J., Troppová, D., Baldík, V., & Novotný, R. (2011). Air circulation and its impact on microclimatic variables in the Císařská Cave (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic). International Journal of Climatology, 32(4), 599–623. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2298.
Falsaperla, S., Behncke, B., Langer, H., Neri, M., Salerno, G. G., Giammanco, S., et al. (2014). “Failed” eruptions revealed by pattern classification analysis of gas emission and volcanic tremor data at Mt Etna, Italy. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 103(1), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-013-0964-7.
Farrujia, I. (1989). Informe hidrogeológico galería Río de Guía (Vol. Planificación Hidráulica del Cabildo de Tenerife). Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Consejo Insular Aguas de Tenerife.
Finizola, A., Sortino, F., Lénat, J.-F., & Valenza, M. (2002). Fluid circulation at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) from self-potential and CO2 surveys. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 116(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00327-4.
Giammanco, S., Gurrieri, S., & Valenza, M. (1999). Geochemical investigations applied to active fault detection in a volcanic area: the North–East Rift on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy). Geophysical Research Letters, 26(13), 2005–2008. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900396.
Giammanco, S., Immè, G., Mangano, G., Morelli, D., & Neri, M. (2009). Comparison between different methodologies for detecting radon in soil along an active fault: The case of the Pernicana fault system, Mt. Etna (Italy). Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 67(1), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.09.007.
Gregorič, A., Zidanšek, A., & Vaupotič, J. (2011). Dependence of radon levels in Postojna Cave on outside air temperature. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11(5), 1523–1528. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1523-2011.
Hernández, P. A., Padilla, G., Barrancos, J., Melián, G., Padrón, E., Asensio-Ramos, M., et al. (2017). Geochemical evidences of seismo-volcanic unrests at the NW rift zone of Tenerife, Canary Islands, inferred from diffuse CO2 emission. Bulletin of Volcanology, 79(4), 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-017-1109-9.
Hernández, P., Pérez, N., Salazar, J., Sato, M., Notsu, K., & Wakita, H. (2000). Soil gas CO2, CH4, and H2 distribution in and around Las Cañadas caldera, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 103(1), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00235-3.
Kowalczk, A. J., & Froelich, P. N. (2010). Cave air ventilation and CO2 outgassing by radon-222 modeling: How fast do caves breathe? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 289(1), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.010.
Laiolo, M., Ranaldi, M., Tarchini, L., Carapezza, M. L., Coppola, D., Ricci, T., et al. (2016). The effects of environmental parameters on diffuse degassing at Stromboli volcano: Insights from joint monitoring of soil CO2 flux and radon activity. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 315, 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.004.
Liuzzo, M., Gurrieri, S., Giudice, G., & Giuffrida, G. (2013). 10 years of soil CO2 continuous monitoring on Mt Etna: Exploring the relationship between processes of soil degassing and volcanic activity. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(8), 2886–2899. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20196.
López, C., Blanco, M. J., Abella, R., Brenes, B., Cabrera Rodríguez, V. M., Casas, B., et al. (2012). Monitoring the volcanic unrest of El Hierro (Canary Islands) before the onset of the 2011–2012 submarine eruption. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(13), 1. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051846.
Martí, J., & Gudmundsson, A. (2000). The Las Cañadas caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands): An overlapping collapse caldera generated by magma-chamber migration. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 103(1), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00221-3.
Martín-Luis, C., Quesada, M., Eff-Darwich, A., De la Nuez, J., Coello, J., Ahijado, A., et al. (2002). A new strategy to measure radon in an active volcanic island (Tenerife, Canary Islands). Environmental Geology, 43(1), 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-002-0606-z.
Martin-Luis, M. C., Steinitz, G., Soler, V., Quesada, M. L., & Casillas, R. (2015). 222Rn and CO2 at Las Cañadas Caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands). The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 224(4), 641–657. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2015-02397-7.
Massman, W. J. (2006). Advective transport of CO2 in permeable media induced by atmospheric pressure fluctuations: 1. An analytical model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG000163.
Melián, G., Tassi, F., Pérez, N., Hernández, P., Sortino, F., Vaselli, O., et al. (2012). A magmatic source for fumaroles and diffuse degassing from the summit crater of Teide Volcano (Tenerife, Canary Islands): A geochemical evidence for the 2004–2005 seismic–volcanic crisis. Bulletin of Volcanology, 74(6), 1465–1483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-012-0613-1.
Milanolo, S., & Gabrovšek, F. (2009). Analysis of carbon dioxide variations in the atmosphere of Srednja Bijambarska Cave, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 131(3), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9375-5.
Neri, M., Ferrera, E., Giammanco, S., Currenti, G., Cirrincione, R., Patanè, G., et al. (2016). Soil radon measurements as a potential tracer of tectonic and volcanic activity. Scientific Reports, 6, 24581.
Neumann, E. R., Wulff-Pedersen, E., Simonsen, S. L., Pearson, N. J., Martí, J., & Mitjavila, J. (1999). Evidence for fractional crystallization of periodically refilled magma Chambers in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Journal of Petrology, 40(7), 1089–1123. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.7.1089.
Notsu, K., Sugiyama, K., Hosoe, M., Uemura, A., Shimoike, Y., Tsunomori, F., et al. (2005). Diffuse CO2 efflux from Iwojima volcano, Izu-Ogasawara arc, Japan. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 139(3), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.08.003.
Oversby, V. M., Lancelot, J., & Gast, P. W. (1971). Isotopic composition of lead in volcanic rocks from Tenerife, Canary Islands. Journal of Geophysical Research, 76(14), 3402–3413. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB076i014p03402.
Padrón, E., Pérez, N. M., Rodríguez, F., Melián, G., Hernández, P. A., Sumino, H., et al. (2015). Dynamics of diffuse carbon dioxide emissions from Cumbre Vieja volcano, La Palma, Canary Islands. Bulletin of Volcanology, 77(4), 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0914-2.
Pérez, N. M., Hernández, P. A., Padrón, E., Melián, G., Marrero, R., Padilla, G., et al. (2007). Precursory subsurface 222Rn and 220Rn degassing signatures of the 2004 seismic crisis at tenerife, Canary Islands. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164(12), 2431–2448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-007-0280-x.
Perrier, F., & Girault, F. (2013). Harmonic response of soil radon-222 flux and concentration induced by barometric oscillations. Geophysical Journal International, 195(2), 945–971. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt280.
Perrier, F., & Le Mouël, J.-L. (2016). Stationary and transient thermal states of barometric pumping in the access pit of an underground quarry. Science of the Total Environment, 550, 1044–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.125.
Perrier, F., Morat, P., & Le Mouël, J.-L. (2001). Pressure induced temperature variations in an underground quarry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 191(1), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00411-3.
Perrier, F., & Richon, P. (2010). Spatiotemporal variation of radon and carbon dioxide concentrations in an underground quarry: coupled processes of natural ventilation, barometric pumping and internal mixing. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101(4), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.12.003.
Perrier, F., Richon, P., Crouzeix, C., Morat, P., & Le Mouël, J.-L. (2003). Radon-222 signatures of natural ventilation regimes in an underground quarry. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 71(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00117-6.
Perrier, F., Richon, P., Gautam, U., Tiwari, D. R., Shrestha, P., & Sapkota, S. N. (2007). Seasonal variations of natural ventilation and radon-222 exhalation in a slightly rising dead-end tunnel. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 97(2), 220–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.06.003.
Pinault, J.-L., & Baubron, J.-C. (1997). Signal processing of diurnal and semidiurnal variations in radon and atmospheric pressure: A new tool for accurate in situ measurement of soil gas velocity, pressure gradient, and tortuosity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102(B8), 18101–18120. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00971.
Pineau, F., & Javoy, M. (1983). Carbon isotopes and concentrations in mid-oceanic ridge basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 62(2), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90087-0.
Prutkin, I., Vajda, P., & Gottsmann, J. (2014). The gravimetric picture of magmatic and hydrothermal sources driving hybrid unrest on Tenerife in 2004/5. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 282, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.003.
Richon, P., Sabroux, J.-C., Halbwachs, M., Vandemeulebrouck, J., Poussielgue, N., Tabbagh, J., et al. (2003). Radon anomaly in the soil of Taal volcano, the Philippines: A likely precursor of the M 7.1 Mindoro earthquake (1994). Geophysical Research Letters, 30(9), 1. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL016902.
Romero Ruiz, C. (1989). Las manifestaciones volcánicas históricas del Archipiélago Canario. La Laguna: Tesis Universidad de La Laguna.
Seinfeld, J. H., & Pandis, S. N. (2012). Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. New York: Wiley.
SenseAir. (2018). aSENSE. https://senseair.com/products/asense/asense-display/.
Steinitz, G., Martin-Luis, M. C., & Piatibratova, O. (2015). Indications for solar influence on radon signal in the subsurface of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 224(4), 687–695. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2015-02399-5.
Troll, V. R., & Carracedo, J. C. (2016). chapter 5 - The Geology of Tenerife. In V. R. Troll & J. C. Carracedo (Eds.), The Geology of the Canary Islands (pp. 227–355). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Viñas, R., Eff-Darwich, A., Soler, V., Martín-Luis, M. C., Quesada, M. L., & de la Nuez, J. (2007). Processing of radon time series in underground environments: Implications for volcanic surveillance in the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Radiation Measurements, 42(1), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.07.002.
Viveiros, F., Marcos, M., Faria, C., Gaspar, J. L., Ferreira, T., & Silva, C. (2017). Soil CO2 degassing path along volcano–tectonic structures in the Pico–Faial–São Jorge Islands (Azores Archipelago, Portugal). Frontiers in Earth Science, 5(50), 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00050. [Original Research].
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the staff of the Centro Geofísico de Canarias for their excellent work and support during this field work. This study was funded by the Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Ministerio de Fomento, Spanish Government).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Torres-González, P., Moure-García, D., Luengo-Oroz, N. et al. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Temperature and Gaseous Emission Inside a Gallery in An Active Volcanic Island (Tenerife, Canary Islands). Pure Appl. Geophys. 176, 3467–3485 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02174-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02174-8