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Electrical Stimulation-Mediated Differentiation of Neural Cells on Conductive Carbon Nanofiller-Based Scaffold

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Abstract

An important strategy in neural tissue engineering involves imparting electrical properties to the regenerative template to encourage cell proliferation and differentiation. Several clinical studies have confirmed that direct or indirect electrical stimulation therapy greatly impacts the treatment of peripheral and central nerve injury. Nerve regeneration can be accelerated by the application of electrical stimulations of different methods and with varying parameters. For a long period, electrical stimulation along with conventional conductive polymers have played an important role in nerve tissue regeneration, due to their conductivity. However, the low biocompatibility of these materials has brought attention toward the need for the alternative of the conductive polymers. Carbon nanofillers (graphene, nanotubes, and their derivatives) have been showing promising results in bioimaging, biosensing, and composites, simultaneously, proving themselves as a prospective biomaterial in neural tissue repair and regeneration due to their excellent electrical and mechanical properties, alongside, biocompatibility. Therefore, carbon nanofiller-based scaffolds synchronized with electrical stimulation may lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of nerve injury. This review article focuses on the influence of the electrical properties of carbon-based material on nerve tissue engineering. In this article, we explicitly focus on the different methods to deliver electrical stimulation and the pathways involved in the differentiation of neuronal cells. Emphasis is given to the analysis of the suitable fabrication strategies of carbon-based neural scaffold and the way its interfaces interact with neurons for promoting neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, this review summarizes the ongoing advancements to augment the conductivity and biological activities (cell adhesion, proliferation, neural differentiation, neurite outgrowth), as well as to reduce the potential toxicity in conductive carbon nanofiller-based scaffolds.

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Fig. 1
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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [98]

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [117], c synaptic bridge formed between two MWNT bundles and the soma of the neuron is located along the edge of the MWNT. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [118] and d Schematic representation of the interacting mechanism of absorbed ECM proteins with CNT multilayers that controls NSCs biological processes Reproduced with permission from Ref. [137]

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial funding provided by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) grant no. (5/3/8/293/2015-ITR) and Intensification of Research in High Priority Areas (IRHPA) grant no. (IPA/2020/000025). The authors are sincerely thankful to the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee for providing the infrastructure and facilities for this study. The authors would like to express gratitude to support for all the personnel from, Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering and Centre for Nanotechnology.

Funding

Financial support was received from ICMR (5/3/8/293/2015-ITR) and IRHPA (IPA/2020/000025).

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  1. Gunjan Kaushik and Chandra Khatua have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomaterials and Multiscale Mechanics Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Gunjan Kaushik, Chandra Khatua, Souvik Ghosh & Debrupa Lahiri

  2. Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Gunjan Kaushik & Souvik Ghosh

  3. Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India

    Chandra Khatua & Debrupa Lahiri

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Kaushik, G., Khatua, C., Ghosh, S. et al. Electrical Stimulation-Mediated Differentiation of Neural Cells on Conductive Carbon Nanofiller-Based Scaffold. Biomedical Materials & Devices 1, 301–318 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-022-00011-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-022-00011-6

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