Skip to main content
Log in

Hybrid NBR/Chitosan/Nano-Silanised Silica Based Green Rubber Products

  • Published:
Journal of Rubber Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present study hybrid NBR/chitosan/nano-silanised silica blends were prepared by melt blending for utilisation of chitosan (the second most abundant biopolymer) in development of green rubber products. The non-reinforcing nature of chitosan was improved by addition of nano-silanised silica. The effect of nano-silanised silica loading on crosslink density, tensile properties, surface hardness, tear strength, abrasion resistance and morphology of blends was studied. Improvement in both mechanical and morphological properties of NBR-chitosan blends was observed upon addition of nano-silanised silica. FTIR analysis was also carried out to study the interaction between rubber phase and chitosan as a result of compatibilisation by nano-silanised silica.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. VROMAN, I., AND TIGHZERT, L. (2009) Biodegradable Polymers. Mater., 2, 307–344.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. KRAMAROVA, Z., ALEXY, P., CHODAK, I., SPRJK, E., HUDEC, I., KOSIKOVA, B., GREGORVA, A., SURI, P., FERANC, J., BUJAG, P., AND DURACKA, M. (2007) Biopolymers as Fillers for Rubber Blends. Polym. Adv. Technol., 18, 135–140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. RAJU, G., AND HARIS, M.R.H.M. (2016) Preparation and Characterization of Acidified Chitosan Immobilized in Epoxidized Natural Rubber. Polym. Testing, 53, 1–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. USMAN, A., ZIA, K.M., MOHAMMAD ZUBER, M., TABASUM, S., REHMAN, S., AND ZIA, F. (2016) Chitin and Chitosan Based Polyurethanes: A Review of Recent Advances and Prospective Biomedical Applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 86, 630–645.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. RIYAJAN, S., AND SUKHLAAIED, W. (2013) Effect of Chitosan Content on Gel Content of Epoxized Natural Rubber Grafted with Chitosan in Latex Form. Mater. Sci. Eng. C., 33, 1041–1047.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. VALODKAR, M., AND THAKORE, S.I. (2011) Biopolymers as Effective Fillers in Natural Rubber: Composites Versus Biocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 124, 3815–3820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. SAIMA, KUDDUS, M., ROOHI AND AHMAD, I.Z. (2013) Isolation of Novel Chitinolytic Bacteria and Production Optimization of Extracellular Chitinase. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol., 11, 39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. HAMED, I., OZOGUL, F. AND REGENSTEIN, J.M. (2016) Industrial Applications of Crustacean by-Products (chitin, chitosan, and chito oligosaccharides): A Review. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 48, 40–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. DUTTA, P.K., DUTTA, J. AND TRIPATHI, V.S. (2004) Chitin and Chitosan: Chemistry, Properties and Applications. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 63, 20–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. EL-HEFIAN, E.A., NASEF, M.M. AND YAHAYA, A.H. (2014) Chitosan-Based Polymer Blends: Current Status and Applications. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 36(1), 11–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. SHARMA, S.K. AND MUDHOO, A. (2011) A Handbook of Applied Biopolymer Technology: Synthesis, Degradation and Applications, United Kingdom (UK): Royal Society of Chemistry.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. CHUKWUJIKE, I., ODO, J.U., AND IHEKWEME, G.O. (2015) Studies on the Mechanical Properties of Carbonized/Uncarbonized Cornhub Powder Filled Natural Rubber/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Biocomposite. Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ., 5(4), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  13. MIRBAGHERI, J., TAJVIDI, M., HERMANSON, J.C., AND GHASEMI, I. (2007) Tensile Properties of Wood Flour/Kenaf Fibre Polypropylene Hybrid Composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 105, 3054–3059.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. SOMARATNE, M.C.W., LIYANAGE, N.M.V.K., AND WALPALAGE, S. (2014) Surface Modification of Silica with a Hydrophilic Polymer and its Influence on Reinforcement of Natural Rubber Latex. J. Nat. Sci. Foundation Sri Lanka, 42(4), 351–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. SANTIAGOO, R., ISMAIL, H., AND HUSSAIN, K. (2011) Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption and Swelling Behavior of Rice Husk Powder Filled Polypropylene/Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber(PP/NBRr/RHP) Biocomposites Using Silane as a Coupling Agent. Bioresources, 6(4), 3714–3726.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. JOHNS, J. AND NAKASON, C., (2011) Dielectric Properties of Natural Rubber/ Chitosan Blends: Effects of Blend Ratio and Compatibilisation. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 357, 1816–1821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. YASIN, K.A., ANSARIFAR, A., HAMEED, S. AND WANG, L. (2010) A New Method for Crosslinking and Reinforcing Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Using a Silanised Silica Nanofiller. Polym. Adv. Technol., 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  18. STEPAK, J. AND DAOUST, H. (1983) Additives for Plastics, Chapter 5. New York (NY): Springer Science.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  19. FERNANDES, M.R.S., SOUSA, A.M.F. AND FURTADO, C.R.G. (2017) Rice Husk Ash as Filler in Tread Compounds to Improve Rolling Resistance. Polímeros., 27(1), 55–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. BARLOW, F.W. (1993) Rubber Compounding: Principles, Materials and Techniques, Chapter 6. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  21. KRAUS, G. (1963) Swelling of Filler-Reinforced Vulcanisates. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 7, 861–871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. FARIDAH, H.A.H., TINKER, A.J. AND FARID, A.S. (2004) Determination of Crosslink Densities of Filled Rubbers by Cyclic Pre-Strammg. J. Rubb. Res., 7(4), 248–264.

    Google Scholar 

  23. ROOJ, S., DAS, A., STOCKELHUBER, K.W., WANG, D., GALIATSATOS, V., AND HEINRICH, G. (2013) Understanding the Reinforcing Behavior of Expanded Clay Particles in Natural Rubber Compounds. Soft Matter., 9, 3798–3808.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. LEE, J., AHN, B., KIM, W., MOON, H., PAIK, H. AND KIM, W. (2017) The Effect of Accelerator Contents on the Vulcanisates Structures of SSBR/Silica Vulcanisates. Compos. Interfaces, 24(6), 563–577.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. EL-SABBAGH, S.H. AND YEHIA, A. A. (2007) Detection of Crosslink Density by Different Methods for Natural Rubber Blended with SBR and NBR. Egypt. J. Solids, 30(2), 157–173.

    Google Scholar 

  26. ASTM Standard D412, 2016, “Standard Test Methods for Vulcanised Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers–Tension” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016.

  27. ASTM Standard D2240, 2015, “Standard Test Method for Rubber Property–Durometer Hardness” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.

  28. ASTM Standard D624, 2012, “Standard Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanised Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Y. Q. Gill.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gill, Y.Q., Saeed, F., Irfan, M.S. et al. Hybrid NBR/Chitosan/Nano-Silanised Silica Based Green Rubber Products. J Rubber Res 21, 194–208 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03449170

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03449170

Keywords

Navigation