Summary
When apical meristems of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. US-Harumakigosun) seedlings were cultured on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium with 0.7 M sucrose or 0.25–1 mM cadmium ion, then transferred to hormone-free MS medium with 0.1 M sucrose, somatic embryos were formed on the surface of the explants without visible callus formation. Somatic embryos were also formed on malformed seedlings, when carrot seeds were treated with hypochlorite solution at a high concentration and sown on hormone-free MS medium with 0.09 M sucrose. These somatic embryos were fractionated by passing through stainless steel sieves with different pore sizes, encapsulated in calcium alginate gel, and placed in plastic petri dishes under sterile conditions. These synthetic seeds germinated 1 to 2 weeks after the beginning of the culture. In the case of synthetic seeds containing a single embryo, the frequency of the seeds which developed both a radicle and a green bud was about 30–50% in large embryos induced by the treatment with sucrose, cadmium or sodium hypochlorite, and about 15% in 2,4-D induced embryos. When 2,4-D induced embryos were encapsulated and sown, numerous secondary and tertiary embryos were formed but they did not develop into normal seedlings.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brown, D. C. W.; Leung, D. W. M.; Thorpe, T. A.: Osmotic requirement for shoot formation in tobacco callus. Physiol. Plant. 46:36–41; 1979.
Conger, B. V.; Hanning, G. E.; Gray, D. J., et al. Direct embryogenesis from mesophyll cells of orchardgrass. Science 221:850–851; 1983.
Czarnecka, E.; Edelman, L.; Schoffl, F., et al. Comparative analysis of physical stress responses in soybean seedlings using cloned heat shock cDNAs. Plant Mol. Biol. 3:45–58; 1984.
Feirer, R. P.; Mignon, G.; Litvay, J. D.: Arginine decarboxylase and polyamines required for embryogenesis in the wild carrot. Science 223:1433–1435; 1984.
Finer, J. J.: Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature embryos of hybrid sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) on a high sucrose-containing medium. Plant Cell Rep. 6:372–374; 1987.
Fujii, J. A.; Slade, D. T.; Redenbaugh, K., et al. Artificial seeds for plant propagation. Tibtech. 5:335–339; 1987.
Fujimura, T.; Komamine, A.: Effects of various growth regulators on the embryogenesis in a carrot cell suspension culture. Plant Sci. Letters 5:359–364; 1975.
Gray, D. J.: Synthetic seed technology for the mass cloning of crop plants: Problems and perspectives. HortScience 22:795–814; 1987.
Halperin, W.; Wethrell, D. F.: Adventive embryony in tissue cultures of the wild carrot,Daucus carota. Am. J. Bot. 51:274–283; 1964.
Kamada, H.; Harada, H.: Studies on the organogenesis in carrot tissue cultures. I. Effects of growth regulators on somatic embryogenesis and root formation. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 91:255–266; 1979.
Kamada, H.; Ishikawa, K.; Saga, H., et al. Induction of somatic embryogenesis by osmotic stress in carrot. Plant Cell Report, submitted.
Litz, R. E.: Effect of osmotic stress on somatic embryogenesis inCarica suspension cultures. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:969–972; 1986.
Lu, C.; Vasil, V.; Vasil, I. K.: Improved efficiency of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in tissue cultures of maize (Zea mays). Theoret. Appl. Genet. 66:285–289; 1983.
Lu, C.; Vasil, I. K.; Ozias-Akins, P.: Somatic embryogenesis inZea mays L. Theoret. Appl. Genet. 62:109–112; 1982.
Murashige, T.; Skoog, F.: A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15:473–497; 1962.
Nomura, K.; Komamine, A.: Molecular mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis. Oxford Surveys of Plant Molecular and Cell Biology. 3:456–466; 1986.
Pitto, L.; Lo Schiavo, F.; Guilliano, G., et al. Analysis of the heat-shock protein pattern during somatic embryogenesis of carrot. Plant Mol Biol. 2:231–237; 1983.
Redenbaugh, K.; Paasch, B. D.; Nichol, J. W., et al. Somatic seeds: Encapsulation of asexual plant embryos. Bio/Technol. 4:781–797; 1986.
Reinert, J.: Some aspects of embryogenesis in somatic cells ofDaucus carota. Phytomorph. 17:510–516; 1967.
Stuart, D. A.; Nelsen, J.; Strickland, S. G., et al. Factors affecting developmental processes in alfalfa cell cultures. In: Henke, R. R.; Hughes, K. W.; Costantin, M. P., et al., eds. Tissue culture in forestry and agriculture. New York: Plenum Press: 1985:59–73.
Sung, Z. R.; Okimoto, R.: Coordinate gene expression during somatic embryogenesis in carrots. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2661–2665; 1981.
Wernicke, W.; Bretell, R.: Somatic embryogenesis inSorghum bicolor leaves. Nature (Lond.) 287:138–139; 1980.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Proceedings from a special symposium entitled “Synthetic Seeds” presented at the 39th annual meeting of the Tissue Culture Association, Las Vegas, Nevada on June 16, 1988. Associate Editor Keith Redenbaugh organized the symposium and handled reviews of the manuscripts.
This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Special Projects and for Scientific research on Priority Areas of Japanese Ministry of Education, Sciences and Culture given to H. H. and H. K.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kamada, H., Kobayashi, K., Kiyosue, T. et al. Stress induced somatic embryogenesis in carrot and its application to synthetic seed production. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 25, 1163–1166 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02621268
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02621268