Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Indications for surgery still exist in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism

Indikationen zur chirurgischen Therapie des asymptomatischen Hyperparathyreoidismus nach wie vor gegeben

  • Main Topics: Controverses in Endocrine Surgery
  • Published:
Acta Chirurgica Austriaca Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) has recently proven more common than was anticipated only a few decades ago and an increasing number of patients are now diagnosed with mild hypercalcemia and less distinct symptoms. Although liberal indications for parathyroid surgery are generally adopted treatment is currently offered to only approximately 1/10 of patients with HPT in the population. Patients with really mild hypercalcemia appear to sustain little risk to develop classical complications such as hypercalcemic crisis, deteriorated renal function or pronounced loss of bone mineral, and it has been suggested that follow up without surgery may be a treatment option for patients with apparently asymptomatic HPT. However, a majority of also the asymptomatic patients and even those with only moderate elevations of serum calcium, will upon close examination reveal symptoms of neuromuscular weakness, fatigue, depression and especially in the elderly patients confusion or dementia-like disorders. It has to be appreciated also that the parathyroid disease seems to imply increased risk of death in cardiovascular disease, which appears to be reversed by parathyroid surgery. Thus, surgery should still constitute the principal treatment also of asymptomatic HPT. However, medical surveillance without operation may be chosen for selected, mainly elderly patients with mild hypercalcemia, but then the presence of symtoms, which could be favourably affected by surgery has to be carefully excluded. Surveillance should also assure that patients do not develop disability during long-term follow up.

Zusammenfassung

Die Diagnose primärer Hyperparathyreoidismus (HPT) wird heute viel häufiger gestellt als Jahrzehnte zuvor. Auch werden mehrheitlich Patienten mit grenzwertig erhöhter Hyperkalzämie und nur geringen Symptomen beobachtet. Obwohl die Einstellung zur Operation insgesamt, liberal ist, wird sie nur rund einem Zehntel der an einem HPT Erkrankten angeboten. Patienten mit tatsächlich nur milder Hyperkalzämie haben scheinbar ein geringeres Risiko an klassischen Komplikationen wie hyperkalzämischer Krise. Verschlechterung der Nierenfunktion oder verstärktem Knochenabbau zu leiden. Deshalb wurden engmaschige Kontrollen ohne Chirurgie für Patienten mit asymptomatischem HPT erwogen. Mehrheitlich leiden jedoch Patienten mit auch nur gering erhöhtem Serumkalziumspiegel an Muskelschwäche, Antriebsarmut und Depressionen. Besonders bei älteren Patienten findet man Verwirrtheit und demenzähnliche Beschwerden.

Es darf nicht unerwähnt bleiben, daß die Nebenschilddrüsenstoffwechselstörung auch ein erhöhtes kardiovaskuläres Risiko beinhaltet. Durch erfolgreiche operative Korrektur scheint dieses Risiko reversibel. Aus diesen Gründen sollte die chirurgische Entfemung des hyperaktiven Nebenschilddrüsengewebes die prinzipielle Therapieform sein.

Ausgewählte, vor allem ältere Patienten können aber einer medikamentösen Überwachung zugeführt werden. Beschwerden und Symptome, die durch eine Operation reversibel sind, müssen aber vorher sorgfältig exkludiert sein.

Eine konsequente Überwachung sollte auch gewährleisten, daß keine Verschlechterung während der Beobachtung eintritt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Albright F: A page out of the history of hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1948; 8:637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Consensus Development Conference panel: Diagnosis and management of symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: Consensus Development Conference statement. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:593.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Heath DA: Primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical presentation and factors influencing clinical management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1989;18:631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Heath DA, Wright AD, Barnes AD, Oates GD, Dorricott NJ: Surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly. Br Med J 1980;280: 1406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hedbäck G, Tisell LE, Bengtsson BÅ, Hedman I, Odén A. Premature death in patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 1990;14:829.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hedbäck G, Odén A, Tisell LE: The influence of surgery on the risk of death in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 1991;15:399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Joborn C, Rastad J, Stålberg E, Åkerström G, Ljunghall S: muscle function in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Muscle Nerve 1988;12:87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Joborn C, Joborn H, Rastad J, Stålberg E, Åkerström G, Ljunghall S: Maximal isokinetic muscle strength in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroid surgery. Br J Surg 1988;75:77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Joborn C, Hetta J, Lind L, Rastad J Åkerström G, Ljunghall S. Self-rated, psychiatric symptoms in patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism and in patients with long-standing mild hypercalcemia. Surgery 1989;105:72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Joborn C., Hetta J, Frisk P, Palmér M, Åkerström G, Ljunghall S. Primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with organic brain syndrome. Acta Med Scand 1985;219:91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Joborn C., Hetta J, Rastad J, Åkerström G, Ljunghall S: Psychiatric symptoms and cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Biol Psychiatry 1988;23:149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Joborn C., Hetta J, Johansson H, Rastad J, Ågren H, Åkerström G, Ljunghall S: Psychiatric morbidity in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 1988;12:476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kleeman CR, Norris K, Cobum JW: Is the clinical expression of primary hyperparathyroidism a function of the long-term vitamin D status of the patient. Min Electrol Metab 1987;3:305.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lafferty FW: Primary hyperparathyroidism. Changing clinical spectrum, prevalence of hypertension, and discriminant analysis of laboratory tests. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:1761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ljunghall S, Palmér M, Åkerström G, Wide L: Diabetes mellitus, glucose tolerance and insulin response to glucose in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy. Eur J Clin Invest 1983;13:373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ljunghall S, Lithell H, Vessby B, Vide L: Glucose and lipoprotein metabolism in primary hyperparathyroidism. Effects of parathyroidectomy. Acta Endocrinol 1978;89:580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Malmæus J, Granberg PO, Halvorsen J, Johansson H, Åkerström G: Parathyroid surgery in Scandinavia. Acta Chir Scand 1988;154:409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Mister CG, Keynes WM, Cope O: Further experience with pancreatitis as a diagnostic clue to hyperparathyroidism. N Engl J Med 1962;266:265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Mundy GR, Cove DH, Fisken R: Primary hyperparathyroidism: Changes in the pattern of clinical presentation. Lancet 1988;1:1317.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ostrow JD, Blanshard G, Gray SJ: Peptic ulcer in primary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med 1990;29:769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Pak CYC, Kaplan R, Stewart A, North C, Bone H, Brown R: Photon absorptiometric analysis of bone density in primary hyperparathyroidism. Lancet 1975;2:7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Palmér M, Åkerström G, Adami HO, Bergström R, Jakobsson S, Ljunghall S: Survival and renal function in persons with untreated hypercalcemia: A population-based cohort study with 14 years of follow-up. Lancet 1988;1:59.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Palmér M, Ljunghall S, Åkerström G, Adami HO, Bergström R, Grimelius L, Rudberg C, Johansson H: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism operated on over a 24-year period: Temporal trends of clinical and laboratory findings. J Chron Dis 1987;40:121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Palmér M, Jakobsson S, Åkerström G, Ljunghall S: Prevalence of hypercalcemia in a health survey: A 14-year follow-up study of serum calcium values. Eur J Clin Invest 1985;18:39.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Palmér M, Adami HO, Bergström R, Åkerström G, Ljunghall S: Mortality after operation for primary hyperparathyroidism. A nation-wide cohort study. Surgery 1987;102:1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Patten BM, Bilezikian JP, Mallette LE, Prince AP, Engel WK, Aurbach GD. Neuromuscular disease in primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Intern Med 1974;80:182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Peacock M, Horsman A, Aaron JE, Marshall DH, Selby PL, Simpson M: The role of parathyroid hormone in bone loss, in Christiansen C, Arnaud CD, Nordin BEC (eds). Osteoporosis 1, Denmark. Aalborg Stiftsbogtrykkers, 1984, pp 463.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rao DS, Wilson RJ, Kleerekoper M, Parfitt AM: Lack of biochemical progression or continuation of accelerated bone loss in mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: evidence for biphasic disease course. J Clin Endocrinol 1988;109:959.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Scholz DA, Purnell DC: Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: 10 year prospective study. Mayo Clin Proc 1981;56:473.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Silverberg SJ, Shane E, De La Cruz L Dempster D, Feldman F, Seldin D, Jacobs T, Siris ES, Cafferty M, Parisien MV, Lindsay R Clemens TL, Bilezikian JP: Skeletal disease in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Min Res 1989;4:283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wallfelt C, Ljunghall S, Bergström R, Rastad J, Åkerström G, Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment in primary HPT—with emphasis on chief cell hyperplasia. Surgery 1990;107:13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Åkerström G, Bergström R, Grimelius L., Johansson H, Ljunghall S, Lundström B, Palmér M, Rudberg C. Relation between changes in clinical and histopathological features of primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 1986;10:696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Åkerström G, Rudberg C, Grimelius L, Bergström R, Johansson H, Ljunghall S, Rastad J: Histologic parathyroid abnormalities in an autopsy series. Hum Pathol 1986;17:520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Åkerström, G., Ljunghall, S., Rastad, J. et al. Indications for surgery still exist in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Acta Chir Austriaca 24, 73–76 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02601968

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02601968

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation