Abstract
Deposition rates of trace metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined at the Meteorological Station in New Belgrade (H s =74 m; φ=44°49′N and λ=20°24′E) in the hydrological year 1992/93 (1 November-31 October). The dominant characteristics of the observation period were strong drought and drastically reduced pollutant emissions. Traffic and local sources operated at 0–10% of their capacities. Samples of dry and wet precipitation were taken by an automatic collector at a height of 2 m at weekly intervals. Two petri polycarbonate dishes of 93.5 mm diameter, facing upward, and one, facing downward, were used for dry precipitation sampling. Determination in a ‘clean room’ by differential pulse stripping voltammetry provided the low detection thresholds of 0.1, 1.0, 0.5 and 2.0 ng mL-1,i.e. the measurement of minimal dry deposition rates of 0.02, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.4 μg m-2d-1 for Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn, respectively. The mean annual deposition rates, expressed in μg m-2d-1, were found to be as follows: 4.5 (down), 26 (up) and 37 (wet) for Pb, 2.1 (down), 13 (up) and 36 (wet) for Cu, and 3.1 (down), 26 (up) and 95 (wet) for Zn. No values above 0.2 μg m-2d-1 were found for the Cd dry deposition rate and no Cd concentration higher than 1 ng mL-1 for precipitation with an amount >0.5 mm at the weekly interval was detected. Using the XREDS method with a scanning electron microscope, Si, Al, Fe matrix elements and Mg, Ca, S, K, P, Cu, Zn. W were identified as minor constituents of the single spherical particles and of the agglomerates present. Pb could not be categorized as a minor constituent of the coarse particles suspended in the air of New Belgrade on the basis of the previous analysis.
Analysis of meteorological data showed road dust transport by outgoing SE-ESE wind from the old city of Belgrade (H s =100–250 m) as a possible Pb source at the chosen site, which was located in a park. A comparative measurement of Pb deposition on linden leaves was carried out in the vegetation period (1 April–31 October) of 1993 and 1994. The Pb distribution on leaves differed in the two growing seasons, while the sum of Pb deposition rates on the downward and upward oriented petri dishes remained practically equal. The Pb accumulation on linden leaves was higher in 1994, first because of an intensive soil supply by rain water. Besides, ‘yellow’ rain was reported during the night 15/16 April, on 16 and 17 April 1994. A Fe concentration of 2.3 μg mL-1 and a Pb concentration of 312 ng mL-1 with a total precipitation of 12.6 mm were found in the weekly wet sample of 13–20 April. Dry deposition rates of 17 and 84 μg m-2d-1 for Cd and Pb, respectively, were measured on the upward facing dishes two weeks later (27 April–4 May). The synoptic analysis confirmed the development of the Saharan cyclogenesis and its influence on the Balkan peninsula in the period of 14 to 17 April 1994. In this region the impact of dustfall originating from the Saharan storm was evident either during wet deposition or through resuspension processes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alcamo, J.: 1992, ‘Transboundary Air Pollution in Central Europe and Eastern Europe’, in J. Alcamo (ed.),Coping with Crisis in Eastern Europe's Environment, IIASA Book, Parthenon Publish. Group, Carnfort, U.K., 1992, pp. 87–101.
Alcamo, J., Bartnicki, J., Olenrzynski K. and Pacyna, J.: 1992,Atmospheric Environment 27A, 3355.
ApSimon, H. M. and Wilson, J. J. N.: 1987,Boundary-Layer Met. 41, 123.
Berg, T., Royset, O. and Steinnes, E.: 1995,Atmospheric Environment,28, 3519.
Bergkvist, B.: 1987,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 33, 131.
Bergkvist, B., Folkeson, L. and Berggren, D.: 1989,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 47, 217.
Betzer, P. R., Carder, K. L., Duce, R. A., Merrill J. T., Tindale, N. W., Uemetsu, M., Costello, D. K., Young, R. W., Feely, R. A., Breland, J. A., Bernstein, R. E. and Greco, A. M.: 1988,Nature 336, 568.
Borbély-Kiss, L., Koltay, E., Szabó, Gy. and Mészáros, E.: 1989,Idöjárás 93, 36.
Borbély-Kiss, L., Bozo, L., Koltay, E., Mészáros, E., Molnár, A. and Szabó, Gy.: 1992,Atmospheric Environment 25A, 661.
Bozo, L., Alcamo, J., Bartnicki, J. and Olendrzynski, K.: 1992,Idöjárás 96, 61.
Braaten, D. A., Paw, K. T. and Shaw, R. H.: 1990,J. Aerosol. Sci. 21, 613.
Davidson, C. I. and Wu, Y. L.: 1990, ‘Dry Deposition of Particles and Vapors’, in S. E. Lindberg, A. L. Page and S. A. Norton (eds.),Acidic Precipitations, Vol. 3 Sources, Deposition, and Canopy Interactions, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990, pp. 103–216.
Franzen, I. G., Hjelmroos, M., Kallberg, P., Brostrom-Lunden, Juntto, S. and Savolainen, A.: 1995,Atmospheric Environment,28, 3587.
Garger, E. K.: 1994,J. Aerosol. Sci. 25, 574.
Giess, P., Goddard, A. J. H., Show, G. and Allen, D.: 1994,J. Aerosol. Sci. 25, 843.
Grinshpun, S., Willeke, K. and Kalatoor, S.: 1993,Atmospheric Environment 27A, 1459.
Hass, H., Memmesheimer, M., Geis, H., Jakobs, H. J., Laube, M. and Ebel, A.: 1990,Atmospheric Environment 24A, 673.
Kashparov, V. A., Protsak, V. P., Ivanov, Y. A., and Nicholson, K. W.: 1994,J. Aerosol. Sci. 25, 745.
Kovatch, M. Opauski, I., Klincheck, P. and Podani, Ya.: 1983, ‘Tree Leaves as Indicators of City Pollution with Heavy Metals’, in Proc. Second Inter. SymposiumIntegrated Global Monitoring of Environmental Pollution. Tbilisi, October 1981, Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1983, pp. 290–297.
Lin, J. M., Noll, K. E. and Holsen, T. M.: 1994,Aerosol Sci. Technol. 20, 239.
Lindberg, S. E., Harriss, R. C. and Turner, R. R.: 1982,Science 215, 1609.
Mačukanović, M., Vukmirović, Z., Stefanović, B. and Blažencić, Z.: 1995, Unpublished data from the thesis for M.S. degree of M. Mačukanović, University of Belgrade, 1995.
Marendić-Miljković, J. M., Rajšić, S. F. and Vukmirović, Z. B.: 1994,Idöjárás 97, 179.
Marendić-Miljković, J.: 1995, ‘Resuspension of Atmospheric Particles From a Surrogate Surface: Influence of the Sampling Time on the Measurement of the Dry Deposition Flux of Trace Metals’, I Regional SymposiumChemistry and the Environment, Vrnjacka Banja. Yugoslavia. 25–29 September 1995, Book of extended abstracts, 1–39, pp. 255–258.
Matić, S., Nikić, D. and Vajagić, L.: 1994, ‘The Level of Air Pollution Related to SO2 and Black Smoke in Beograd, Novi Sad and Nis after the Imposition of Sanctions’, in Proc. Second Inter. Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, ‘Budapest '94’, pp. 851–853.
Mészáros, E., Molnár, A., Horváth, Zs. and Lászitity, A.: 1993,Idöjárás 97, 35.
Molnár, A., Mészáros, E., Bozo, L., Borbély-Kiss, I., Koltay, E. and Szabó, Gy.: 1993,Atmospheric Environment 27A, 2457.
Nicholson, K. W.: 1993,Atmospheric Environment 27A, 181.
Ničković, S.: 1994, Simulation of Dust Uptake, Transport, and Deposition of Saharan Dust Storm in Proc. Inter. Summer School of Meteorology, Krivaja-Yugoslavia, September 1994 (in press).
Nriagu, J. O. and Pacyna, J. M.: 1988,Nature 33, 134.
Nürnberg, N. W.: 1984,Sci. Total Environ. 37, 9.
Pacyna, J. M., Bartonova, A., Cornille, P. and Maenhaut, W.: 1989,Atmospheric Environment 19, 2109.
Pacyna, J. M.: 1984,Atmospheric Environment 18, 41.
Pacyna, J. M. and Munch, J.: 1989, ‘European Inventory of Trace Metal Emissions in the Atmosphere’, inHeavy Metals Emissions, Vol. 1, Proc. First Meeting of UN ECE Task Force, Prague, October 1989, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, pp. 44–47.
Popović, T., Stevanović, S., Spasova, D. and Petković, T.: 1994, ‘Contribution to Study of Precipitation and Drought’, inWeather, Climate, Water, and Economy (Serbian), Federal Hydrometeorological Institute, Belgrade, March 1994, pp. 1–24.
Sieghart, H.: 1983,Phyton 23, 12.
Stamatović, A., Marković, D., Veselinović, D., Milekić, Z. and Novaković, V.: 1994, ‘Oxidants Measurement in the Urban Area of Belgrade during the Summer 1993’, in Proc. Second Inter. Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, ‘Budapest '94’, pp. 887–889.
Telenta, B., Aleksić, N and Dacić, M.: 1994,Atmospheric Environment 28, 2885.
Unkašević, M.: 1994, Climate of Belgrade (Serbian), Scientific Book Publish., Belgrade, 1994.
Vukmirović, Z., Tasić, M., Petković, S. and Novaković, V.: 1995, ‘A hypothesis on Fe originating from the Sahara desert’, I Regional SymposiumChemistry and the Environment, VrnjackaBanja, Yugoslavia, 25–29 September 1995, Book of extended abstracts, III–12, pp. 423–426.
Westphal, D. L., Toon, O. B. and Carlson, T. N.: 1987,J. Geophys. Res. 92, 3027.
Wiman, B. L. B., Unsworth, M. H., Lindberg, S. E., Bergkvist, B., Jaenicke, R. and Hanssen, H. C.: 1990,J. Aerosol. Sci. 21, 313.
Wu, Y. L., Davidson, C. L., Lindberg, S. E. and Russell, A. G.: 1992a,Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 2428.
Wu, Y. L., Davidson, C. L. and Russell, A. G.: 1992b,Aerosol Sci. and Technol. 17, 245
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vukmirović, Z., Marendić-Miljković, J., Rajšić, S. et al. Resuspension of trace metals in Belgrade under conditions of drastically reduced emission levels. Water Air Soil Pollut 93, 137–156 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02404752
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02404752