Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular properties of voltage-gated K+ channels

  • Published:
Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Subfamilies of voltage-activated K+ channels (Kv1-4) contribute to controlling neuron excitability and the underlying functional parameters. Genes encoding the multiple α subunits from each of these protein groups have been cloned, expressed and the resultant distinct K+ currents characterized. The predicted amino acid sequences showed that each α subunit contains six putative membrane-spanning α-helical segments (S1-6), with one (S4) being deemed responsible for the channels' voltage sensing. Additionally, there is an H5 region, of incompletely defined structure, that traverses the membrane and forms the ion pore; residues therein responsible for K+ selectivity have been identified. Susceptibility of certain K+ currents produced by the Shaker-related subfamily (Kv1) to inhibition by α-dendrotoxin has allowed purification of authentic K+ channels from mammalian brain. These are large (Mr ∼ 400 kD), octomeric sialoglycoproteins composed of α and Β subunits in a stoichiometry of (α)4(Β)4, with subtypes being created by combinations of subunit isoforms. Subsequent cloning of the genes for Β1, Β2 and Β3 subunits revealed novel sequences for these hydrophilic proteins that are postulated to be associated with the α subunits on the inner side of the membrane. Coexpression of Β1 and Kv1.4 subunits demonstrated that this auxiliary Β protein accelerates the inactivation of the K+ current, a striking effect mediated by an N-terminal moiety. Models are presented that indicate the functional domains pinpointed in the channel proteins.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aldrich, R. W. (1994).Curr. Biol. 4, 839–840.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Awan, K., and Dolly, J. O. (1991).Neuroscience 40, 29–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babila, T., Moscucci, A., Wang, H. Y., Weaver, F. E., and Koren, G. (1994).Neuron 12, 615–626.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BeirÄo, P. S. L., Davies, N. W., and Stanfield, P. R. (1994).J. Physiol. (London) 474, 269–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit, E., and Dubois, J. M. (1986).Brain Res. 377, 374–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berndt, K. D., Guntert, P., and Wuthrich, K. (1993).J. Mol. Biol. 234, 735–750.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bezanilla, F., Perozo, E., Papazian, D. M., and Stefani, E. (1991).Science (Wash.) 254, 679–683.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bidard, J. N., Mourre, C., and Lazdunski, M. (1987).Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 143, 383–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, A. R., and Dolly, J. O. (1986).Eur. J. Biochem. 156, 609–617.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, A. R., Breeze, A. L., Othman, I. B., and Dolly, J. O. (1986).Biochem. J. 237, 397–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, A. R., Donegan, C. M., Denny, B. J., and Dolly, J. O. (1988).Biochemistry 27, 6814–6820.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourque, C. W. (1988).J. Physiol. (London) 397, 331–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • BrÄu, M. E., Dreyer, F., Jonas, P., Repp, H., and Vogel, W. (1990).J. Physiol. (London) 420, 365–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. M. (1993).Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 22, 173–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catterall, W. A. (1993).Trends Neurosci. 16, 500–506.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catterall, W. A. (1994).Curr. Biol. 6, 607–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, K. L., Mossman, C., Aube, J., and Yellen, G. (1993).Neuron 10, 533–541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christie, M. J., North, R. A., Douglass, J., and Adelman, J. P. (1990).Neuron 2, 405–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrette, B. J., Repp, H., Dreyer, F., and Schwarz, J. R. (1991).Pflügers Arch.-Eur. J. Physiol. 418, 408–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Covarrubias, M., Wei, A., and Salkoff, L. (1991).Neuron 7, 763–773.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danse, J. M., Rowan, E. G., Gasparini, S., Ducancel, F., Vatanpour, H., Young, L. C., Poorheidari, G., Lajeunesse, E., Drevet, P., Menez, R., Pinkasfeld, S., Boulain, J. C., Harvey, A. L., and Menez, A. (1994).FEBS Lett. 356, 153–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolly, J. O. (1992a). InReceptor-Ligand Interactions: A Practical Approach (Hulme, E. C., ed.), IRL, Oxford, pp. 37–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolly, J. O. (1992b). InHandbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 102: Selective Neurotoxicity (Herken, H., and Hucho, F., eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 681–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolly, J. O., Halliwell, J. V., Black, J. D., Williams, R. S., Pelchen-Matthews, A., Breeze, A. L., Mehraban, F., Othman, I. B., and Black, A. R. (1984).J. Physiol. (Paris) 79, 280–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolly, J. O., Black, J. D., Black, A. R., Pelchen-Matthews, A., and Halliwell, J. V. (1986). InNatural Toxins: Animal, Plant and Microbial (Harris, J. B., ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 237–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolly, J. O., Muniz, Z. M., Parcej, D. N., Hall, A. C., Scott, V. E. S., Awan, K. A., and Owen, D. G. (1994a). InNeurotoxins and Neurobiology (Dajas, F., and Tipton, K. F., eds.), Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp. 103–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolly, J. O., Rettig, J., Scott, V. E. S., Parcej, D. N., Wittka, R., Sewing, S., and Pongs, O. (1994b).Biochem. Soc. Trans. 22, 473–478.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer, F. (1990).Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 115, 93–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer, F., and Penner, R. (1987).J. Physiol. (London). 386, 455–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durell, S. R., and Guy, H. R. (1992).Biophys. J. 62, 238–250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, C. D., Chung, S. K., Zagotta, W. N., Aldrich, R. W., and Levitan, I. B. (1992).Neuron. 9, 229–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frech, G. C., vanDongen, A. M. J., Schuster, G., Brown, A. M., and Joho, R. H. (1989).Nature 340, 642–645.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grissmer, S., Nguyen, A. N., Aiyar, J., Hanson, D. C., Mather, R. J., Gutman, G. A., Karmilowicz, M. J., Auperin, D. D., and Chandy, K. G. (1994).Mol. Pharmacol. 45, 1227–1234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, G. A., and Chandy, K. G. (1993).Semi. Neurosci. 5, 101–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guy, H. R., and Conti, F. (1990).Trends Neurosci. 13, 201–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell, J. V. (1990). InPotassium Channels: Structure, Classification, and Therapeutic Potential (Cook, N. S., ed.), Ellis Horwood, Chichester, pp. 348–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell, J. V., Othman, I. B., Pelchen-Matthews, A., and Dolly, J. O. (1986).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 493–497.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, H. A., Kirsch, G. E., Drewe, J. A., Taglialatela, M., Joho, R. H., and Brown, A. M. (1991).Science 251, 942–944.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. L. (1993).Med. Res. Rev. 13, 81–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. L., and Karlsson, E. (1980).Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 312, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. L., Marshall, D. L., Deallie, F. A., and Strong, P. N. (1989).Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163, 394–397.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heginbotham, L., Lu, Z., Abramson, T., and MacKinnon, R. (1994).Biophys. J. 66, 1061–1067.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hille, B. (1992).Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, W. F., Demas, V., and Tempel, B. L. (1994a).J. Neurosci. 14, 1385–1393.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, W. F., Allen, M. L., Houamed, K. M., and Tempel, B. L. (1994b).Pflügers Arch.-Eur. J. Physiol. 428, 382–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshi, T., Zagotta, W. N., and Aldrich, R. W. (1990).Science 250, 533–538.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshi, T., Zagotta, W. N., and Aldrich, R. W. (1991).Neuron 7, 547–556.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, P. S., Benishin, C., and Fredholm, B. B. (1991).Eur. J. Pharmacol. 209, 87–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, R. S., Busch, A. E., Kavanaugh, M. P., Osborne, P. B., North, R. A., and Adelman, J. P. (1991).Mol. Pharmacol. 40, 572–576.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, R. S., Kavanaugh, M. P., Yakel, J., Adelman, J. P., and North, R. A. (1992).J. Biol. Chem. 267, 23742–23745.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, P. M., Glatt, C. E., Bredt, D. S., Yellen, G., and Snyder, S. H. (1992).Neuron 8, 473–481.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isacoff, E. Y., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y. (1990).Nature 345, 531–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isacoff, E. Y., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y. (1991).Nature 353, 86–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isom, L. L., DeJongh, K. S., Patton, D. E., Reber, B. F. X., Offord, J., Charbonneau, H., Walsh, K., Goldin, A. L., and Catterall, W. A. (1992).Science 256, 839–842.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isom, L. L., De Jongh, K. S., and Catterall, W. A. (1994).Neuron 12, 1183–1194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jan, L. Y., and Jan, Y. N. (1992).Annu. Rev. Physiol. 54, 537–555.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch, G. E., Drewe, J. A., Hartmann, H. A., Taglialatela, M., Debiasi, M., Brown, A. M., and Joho, R. H. (1992a).Neuron 8, 499–505.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch, G. E., Drewe, J. A., Taglialatela, M., Joho, R. H., Debiasi, M., Hartmann, H. A., and Brown, A. M. (1992b).Biophys. J. 62, 136–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koren, G., Liman, E. R., Logothetis, D. E., Nadal-Ginard, B., and Hess, P. (1990).Neuron 4, 39–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraulis, P. J. (1991).J. Appl. Crystallogr. 24, 946–950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancelin, J. M., Foray, M. F., Poncin, M., Hollecker, M., and Marion, D. (1994).Nature Struct. Biol. 1, 246–250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T. E., Philipson, L. H., Kuznetsov, A., and Nelson, D. J. (1994).Biophys. J. 66, 667–673.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y. (1992).Science 257, 1225–1230.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M., Unwin, N., Stauffer, K. A., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y. (1994).Curr. Biol. 4, 110–115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liman, E. R., Tytgat, J., and Hess, P. (1992).Neuron 9, 861–871.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, G. A., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y. (1991).Neuron 7, 327–336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, G. A., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y. (1994).Nature 367, 179–182.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Q., and Miller, C. (1995).Science 268, 304–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, R. (1991).Nature 350, 232–235.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, R., and Miller, C. (1989).Science 245, 1382–1385.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, R., and Yellen, G. (1990).Science 250, 276–279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, R., Heginbotham, L., and Abramson, T. (1990).Neuron 5, 767–771.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Majumder, K., Debiasi, M., Wang, Z. G., and Wible, B. A. (1995).FEBS Lett. 361, 13–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, K., Tanouye, M. A., Iversen, L. E., Lin, J. W., Ramaswami, M., McCormack, T., Campanelli, J. T., Mathew, M. K., and Rudy, B. (1991).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2931–2935.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, T., and McCormack, K. (1994).Cell 79, 1133–1135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, T., Demiera, E., and Rudy, B. (1990).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5227–5231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinnon, D. (1989).J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8230–8236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, N. M. C., Muniz, Z. M., Wilkin, G. P., and Dolly, J. O. (1993).Neuroscience 57, 1039–1045.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehraban, F., Breeze, A. L., and Dolly, J. O. (1984).FEBS Lett. 174, 116–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales, M. J., Castellino, R. C., Crews, A. L., Rasmusson, R. L., and Strauss, H. C. (1995).J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6272–6277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mourre, C., Bidard, J. N., and Lazdunski, M. (1988).Brain Res. 446, 106–112.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muniz, Z. M., Diniz, C. R., and Dolly, J. O. (1990a).J. Neurochem. 54, 343–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muniz, Z. M., Tibbs, G. R., Marchot, P., Bougis, P., Nicholls, D. G., and Dolly, J. O. (1990b).Neurochem. Int. 16, 105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. (1995). InProc. of IBC conference on Ion Channels and Transporters, London.

  • Pak, M. D., Baker, K., Covarrubias, M., Butler, A., Ratcliffe, A., and Salkoff, L. (1991).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 4386–4390.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parcej, D. N., and Dolly, J. O. (1989).Biochem. J. 257, 899–903.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parcej, D. N., Scott, V. E. S., and Dolly, J. O. (1992).Biochemistry 31, 11084–11088.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual, J. M., Shieh, C., Kirsch, G. E., and Brown, A. M. (1995).Neuron 14, 1055–1063.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peitsch, M. C., and Jongeneel, C. V. (1993).Int. Immunol. 5, 233–238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelchen-Matthews, A., and Dolly, J. O. (1988).Brain Res. 441, 127–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelchen-Matthews, A., and Dolly, J. O. (1989).Neuroscience 29, 347–361.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penner, R., Petersen, M., Pierau, F.-K. and Dreyer, F. (1986).Pflügers Arch.-Eur. J. Physiol. 407, 365–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, M., Penner, R., Pierau, F.-K., and Dreyer, F. (1986).Neurosci. Lett. 68, 141–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pongs, O. (1992a).Physiol. Rev. 72, S69–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pongs, O. (1992b).Trends Pharm. Sci. 13, 359–365.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pongs, O. (1993).J. Membr. Biol. 136, 1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, H., and Betz, H. (1983).EMBO J. 2, 1119–1122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, H., and Lazdunski, M. (1988).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 4919–4923.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, H., Bidard, J.-N., Schweitz, H., and Lazdunski, M. (1988).Biochemistry 27, 1827–1832.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, H., Pelzer, S., Cochet, C., Chambaz, E., Tempel, B. L., Trautwein, W., Pelzer, D., and Lazdunski, M. (1989).Biochemistry 28, 6455–6460.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, P. F., Pongs, O., and Dolly, J. O. (1992).FEBS Lett. 302, 31–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rettig, J., Heinemann, S. H., Wunder, F., Lorra, C., Parcej, D. N., Dolly, J. O., and Pongs, O. (1994).Nature 369, 289–294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rondeau, J. M., Tetefavier, F., Podjarny, A., Reymann, J. M., Barth, P., Biellmann, J. F., and Moras, D. (1992).Nature 355, 469–472.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, E. G., and Harvey, A. L. (1988).Br. J. Pharmacol. 94, 839–847.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruppersberg, J. P., Schröter, K. H., Sakmann, B., Stocker, M., Sewing, S., and Pongs, O. (1990).Nature 345, 535–537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruppersberg, J. P., Frank, R., Pongs, O., and Stocker, M. (1991a).Nature 353, 657–660.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruppersberg, J. P., Stocker, M., Pongs, O., Heinemann, S. H., Frank, R., and Koenen, M. (1991b).Nature 352, 711–714.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salkoff, L., Baker, K., Butler, A., Covarrubias, M., Pak, M. D., and Wei, A. G. (1992).Trends Neurosci. 15, 161–166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R. R., and Betz, H. (1989).Biochemistry 28, 8346–8350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R. R., Betz, H., and Rehm, H. (1988).Biochemistry 27, 963–967.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoppa, N. E., McCormack, K., Tanouye, M. A., and Sigworth, F. J. (1992).Science 255, 1712–1715.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schröter, K. H., Ruppersberg, J. P., Wunder, F., Rettig, J., Stocker, M., and Pongs, O. (1991).FEBS Lett. 278, 211–216.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, V. E. S., Parcej, D. N., Keen, J. N., Findlay, J. B. C., and Dolly, J. O. (1990).J. Biol. Chem. 265, 20094–20097.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, V. E. S., Muniz, Z. M., Sewing, S., Lichtinghagen, R., Parcej, D. N., Pongs, O., and Dolly, J. O. (1994a).Biochemistry 33, 1617–1623.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, V. E. S., Rettig, J., Parcej, D. N., Keen, J. N., Findlay, J. B. C., Pongs, O., and Dolly, J. O. (1994b).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 1637–1641.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, N. V., and Pfaffinger, P. J. (1995).Neuron 14, 625–633.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, N. V., Chen, X. H., Boyer, M. M., and Pfaffinger, P. J. (1993).Neuron 11, 67–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng, M., Liao, Y. J., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y. (1993).Nature 365, 72–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng, M., Tsaur, M. L., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y. (1994).J. Neurosci. 14, 2408–2417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skarzynski, T. (1992).J. Mol. Biol. 224, 671–683.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slesinger, P. A., Jan, Y. N., and Jan, L. Y. (1993).Neuron 11, 739–749.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, R. G., and Blaustein, M. P. (1989).Mol. Pharmacol. 36, 689–698.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stansfeld, C., and Feltz, A. (1988).Neurosci. Lett. 93, 49–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stansfeld, C. E., Marsh, S. J., Halliwell, J. V., and Brown, D. A. (1986).Neurosci. Lett. 64, 299–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stansfeld, C. E., Marsh, S. J., Parcej, D. N., Dolly, J. O., and Brown, D. A. (1987).Neuroscience 23, 893–902.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, G. J., and Robertson, B. (1995).J. Physiol. (London).484, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocker, M., Pongs, O., Hoth, M., Heinemann, S. H., Stühmer, W., Schröter, K.-H., and Ruppersberg, J. P. (1991).Proc. R. Soc. London B 245, 101–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storm, J. (1988).Nature 336, 379–381.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuhmer, W., Ruppersberg, J. P., Schroter, K. H., Sakmann, B., Stocker, M., Giese, K. P., Perschke, A., Baumann, A., and Pongs, O. (1989).EMBO J. 8, 3235–3244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, R., Marshall, J., Smith, J. S., Williams, J. B., Boyle, M. B., Folander, K., Luneau, C. J., Antanavage, J., Oliva, C., Buhrow, S. A., Bennett, C., Stein, R. B., and Kaczmarek, L. K. (1990).Neuron 4, 929–939.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tibbs, G. R., Dolly, J. O., and Nicholls, D. G. (1989).J. Neurochem. 52, 201–206.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tytgat, J., Nakazawa, K., Gross, A., and Hess, P. (1993).J. Biol. Chem. 268, 23777–23779.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Kunkel, D. D., Martin, T. M., Schwartzkroin, P. A., and Tempel, B. L. (1993).Nature 365, 75–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Kunkel, D. D., Schwartzkroin, P. A., and Tempel, B. L. (1994).J. Neurosci. 14, 4588–4599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. K., Bohren, K. M., Gabbay, K. H., and Quiocho, F. A. (1992). Science257, 81–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yellen, G., Jurman, M. E., Abramson, T., and MacKinnon, R. (1991).Science 251, 939–942.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yokohama, S., Imoto, K., Kawamura, T., Higashida, H., Iwabe, N., Miyata, T., and Numa, S. (1989).FEBS Lett. 259, 37–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yool, A. J., and Schwarz, T. L. (1991).Nature 349, 700–704.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zagotta, W. N., and Aldrich, R. W. (1990).J. Gen. Physiol. 95, 29–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zagotta, W. N., Hoshi, T., and Aldrich, R. W. (1990).Science 250, 568–571.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, London, UK

    J. Oliver Dolly & David N. Parcej

Authors
  1. J. Oliver Dolly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David N. Parcej
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dolly, J.O., Parcej, D.N. Molecular properties of voltage-gated K+ channels. J Bioenerg Biomembr 28, 231–253 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110698

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110698

Key words

Search

Navigation