Skip to main content
Log in

Minimum-time control for an inverted pendulum under force constraints

  • Published:
Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to numerically solve the minimum-time control problem of a linear system, the system is usually discretized with a fixed sampling period. Then the minimum count of control steps is searched to meet the constraints of the final state and the input variables. Since the count is a variable, there is no direct way for handling such problems except by exhaustive iteration. In contrast to the traditional methods, a new numerical technique was developed recently to avoid the exhaustive iteration. In this method, the control step is fixed and the sampling period is treated as a variable. Since this method requires only two iterations, it will reduce the computation time significantly. This paper applies this new numerical technique to generate the minimum-time trajectory between two end-points for an inverted pendulum under force constraints. Two main issues are addressed. The first one is the problem formulation in discrete-time domain and the second one is the generation of feasible solutions for the global search. Simulation examples are included for illustration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Anderson, C. W.: Learning to control an inverted pendulum using neural networks,IEEE Contr. Syst. Mag. (1989), 31–37.

  2. Canon, M. D., Cullum, C. D. and Polak, E.:Theory of Optimal Control and Mathematical Programming, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cannon, Jr, R. H.:Dynamics of Physical System, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cheok, K. C. and Loh, N. K.: A ball-balancing demonstration of optimal and disturbance-accommodating control,IEEE Contr. Syst. Mag. 7(1) (1987), 54–57.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chung, T. S. and Wu, C. J.: A computationally efficient numerical algorithm for the minimum-time control problem of continuous systems,Automatica 28(4) (1992), 841–847.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Eastwood, E.: Control theory and the engineer,Proc. IEEE 115(1) (1968), 203–211.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Guez, A. and Selinsky, J.: A trainable neuromorphic controller,J. Robotic Syst. 5(4) (1988), 363–388.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kirk, D. E.:Optimal Control Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kosko, B.:Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lasdon, L. S. and Waren, A. D.:GRG2 User's Guide, Department of General Business, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lasdon, L. S., Waren, A. D., Jain, A. and Ratner, M.: Design and testing of a generalized reduced gradient code for nonlinear programming,ACM Trans. Math. Software 4 (1978), 34–50.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Luenberger, D. G.:Linear and Nonlinear Programming, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ogada, K.:Modern Control Engineering, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Polak, E.:Computational Methods in Optimization:A Unified Approach, Academic Press, New York, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Pontryagin, L. S., Boltyanskii, V. G., Gamkrelidze, R. V. and Mischenko, E. F.:The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Process, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Press, W. H., Riche, R. E. and Danor, M. D.:Numerical Recipes in Pascal:The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Widrow, B.: The original adaptive neural net broom-balancer,Int. Symp. Circuits and Syst. (1989), 351–357.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wu, CJ. Minimum-time control for an inverted pendulum under force constraints. J Intell Robot Syst 12, 127–143 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01258382

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01258382

Key words

Navigation