Abstract
FeTi is an interesting hydrogen storage material which has to be activated at ≈670 K for the absorption of hydrogen. We review critically the great number of previously published results and models on this activation process and emphasize the controversial points. To eliminate the controversy we analysed the variation of the surface composition of FeTi upon activation in the high-pressure cell of a photoelectron spectrometer. The initially passivating surface oxide is shown to be converted into a mixture of TiO2 and Fe by surface segregation and chemical reduction. No evidence for the formation of Fe2Ti4O x , FeTiO x , and TiH x is found. H2/D2 exchange reactions show that H2 dissociates rapidly on Fe and FeTi, but not on TiO2. The surface of FeTi is activated easily at 670 K. Difficulties encountered with the initial hydrogen absorption by virgin high purity FeTi are probably related to bulk (H diffusion, fracture toughness) rather than surface properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G.G. Libowitz, G.D. Sandrock: Proc. Intern. Symp. “Properties and Applications of Metal Hydrides”. J. Less-Common Met.73/74 (1980)
W.E. Wallace, T. Schober, S. Suda: Proc. Intern. Symp. “Properties and Applications of Metal Hydrides”. J. Less-Common Met.88/89 (1982)
J.J. Reilly, R.H. Wiswall: Inorg. Chem.13, 218 (1974)
L. Schlapbach, A. Seiler. F. Stucki, P. Zürcher, P. Fischer, J. Schefer: Z. Phys. Chemie NF (Wiesbaden)117, 205 (1979)
L. Schlapbach, A. Seiler, F. Stucki, H.-C. Siegmann: J. Less-Common Met.73, 145 (1980)
M. Strongin, J. Colbert, G.J. Dienes, D.O. Welch: Phys. Rev. B26, 2715 (1982)
G.D. Sandrock, J.J. Reilly, J.R. Johnson: Proc. 11th Intersociety Energy Conversion and Engineering Conf., Stateline Nevada (1976) p. 965
R.C. Bowman, W.E. Tadlock: Solid State Commun.32, 313 (1979)
R. Hempelmann. D. Richter, R. Pugliesi, L.A. Vinas: J. Phys. F13, 59 (1983)
JCPDS: Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards
T.F. Connolly, E.D. Copenhaver:Bibliography of Magnetic Materials (IFI/Plenum Press, New York 1972)
Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data II/9. 6th ed. (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1962)
Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data II/2, New Series (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1966)
Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data III/4a, New Series (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1970)
F. Ducastelle, R. Caudron, P. Costa: J. Phys. (Paris)31, 57 (1970)
F. Reidinger, J.F. Lynch, J.J. Reilly: J. Phys. F12, L49;13, 247 (1982)
F. Stucki: J. Less-Common Met.83, L37 (1982)
H. Berner, L. Schlapbach: Unpublished. From high field magnetisation meausrements the differential susceptibilitydM/dH of (7.5±1)×10−6emu/g was estimated for the bulk susceptibility of FeTiH1, assuming that the ferromagnetic surface precipitates are saturated (H>5 Tesla)
G.K. Wertheim, J.H. Wernick, R.C. Sherwood: Solid State Commun.7, 1399 (1969)
T. Schober: J. Less-Common Met.89, 63 (1983)
J.J. Reilly, F. Reidinger: J. Less-Common. Met.85, 145 (1982)
T. Schober: Scripta Met.13, 107 (1979) and Report Jül-Spez-22, KFA Jülich (1978)
K. Hiebl, E. Tuscher, H. Bittner: Monatsh. Chemie110, 9 (1979)
T. Nagata: InHandbook of Physics, Vol. XLIX/1, ed. by S. Flügge (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1966) p. 248
H. Kato, M. Yamada, H. Yamauchi, H. Hiroyoshi, H. Takei, H. Watanabe: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.51, 1769 (1982)
P.W. Readman, W. O'Reilly, S.K. Banerjee: Phys. Lett.25A, 446 (1967)
E. Schmidbauer, P.W. Readman: J. Magn. Mag. Mater.27, 114 (1982)
S. Muranaka, T. Shinjo, Y. Bando, T. Takada: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.30, 890 (1971)
M. Drofenik, L. Golić, D. Hanzel, V. Krasevec, A. Prodan, M. Bakker, D. Kolar: J. Solid State Chem.40, 47 (1981)
E.G. Ponyatowsky, V.E. Antonow, I.T. Belash, V.F. Degtyareva, V.G. Thiessen: J. Less-Common Met.88, 26 (1982)
W.M. Mueller, J.P. Blackledge, G.G. Libowitz:Metal Hydrides (Academic Press, New York 1968)
R.P. Elliott:Constitution of Binary Alloys, First Suppl. (McGraw-Hill, New York 1965)
T. Lyman (ed.):Metals Handbook 8 (Am. Soc. for Metals 1973)
W. Rostoker: Trans. AIME194, 209 (1952)
A. Seibold: Z. Metallkde.72, 712 (1981)
W. Rostoker: Trans. AIME203, 113 (1955)
D.J. Gillespie, G.N. Kamm, A.C. Ehrlich: Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.27, 162 (1982)
K. Ikeda, T. Nakamichi, M. Yamamoto: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.37, 652 (1974)
J. Schefer, P. Fischer, W. Haelg, F. Stucki, L. Schlapbach, A.F. Andresen: Mater. Res. Bull.14, 1281 (1979)
R. Hempelmann, E. Wicke: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chemie81, 425 (1977)
G. Hilscher, G. Wiesinger, R. Hempelmann: J. Phys. F11, 2161 (1981)
B. Rupp: To be published
R.S. Carmichael:Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks, Vol. II (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl 1982)
B.J. Tatarchuk, J.A. Dumesic: J. Catalysis70, 308, 323, 335 (1981)
M. Ron, R.S. Oswald, M. Ohring, G.M. Rothberg, M.R. Polcari: Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.21, 273 (1976)
R.C. Bowman, G.C. Carter, Y. Chabre: 2nd Intern. Cong. on Hydrogen in Metals, Paris (1977) 1F12
F. Stucki, L. Schlapbach: J. Less-Common Met.74, 143 (1980)
F. Stucki: Ph.D. Thesis No.6835, ETH-Zürich (1981)
J. Genossar, P.S. Rudmann: Z. Phys. Chemie NF (Wiesbaden)116, 215 (1979)
G.D. Sandrock, P.D. Goodell: J. Less-Common Met.73, 161 (1980)
G.K. Shenoy, D. Niarchos, P.J. Viccaro, B.D. Dunlap, A.T. Aldred, G.D. Sandrock: J. Less-Common Met.73, 171 (1980)
A. Blaesius, U. Gonser: Appl. Phys.22, 331 (1980)
N. Blaes: Diploma Thesis, Appl. Phys. Dept., University of the Saarland, D-6600 Saarbrücken, F. R. Germany (1981)
S.A. Stewart, F. Uribe, R.M. Alire: J. Less-Common Met.73, 169 (1980)
M. Amano, Y. Sasaki: Proc. JIMIS 2, Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met. Suppl.21, 329 (1980)
D. Fruchart, M. Commandré, D. Sauvage, A. Rouault, R. Tellgren: J. Less-Common Met.74, 55 (1980)
M.H. Mintz, Z. Hadari, M.P. Dariel: J. Less-Common Met.74, 287 (1980)
C. Stioui, D. Fruchart, A. Rouault, R. Fruchart, E. Roudaut, J. Rebiére: Mater. Res. Bull.16, 869 (1981)
J.J. Reilly, J.R. Johnson, F. Reidinger, J.F. Lynch, J. Tanaka, R.H. Wiswall: J. Less-Common Met.73, 175 (1980)
C.S. Pande, M.A. Pick, R.L. Sabatini: Scr. Metall.14, 899 (1980)
D.G. Johnson, J.B. Pangborn: J. Less-Common Met.73, 127 (1980)
M.H. Mintz, S. Vaknin, S. Biderman, Z. Hadari: J. Appl. Phys.52, 463 (1981)
T. Sasai, K. Oku, H. Konno, K. Onouwe, S. Kashu: J. Less-Common Met.89, 281 (1983)
T. Matsumoto, M. Amano: Scr. Metall.15, 879 (1981)
Y. Sasaki, M. Amano: Proc. Miami Intern. Symp. on Metal-Hydrogen Systems (1981)
D. Shaltiel, Th. von Waldkirch, F. Stucki, L. Schlapbach: J. Phys. F11, 471 (1981)
T. Schober, D.G. Westlake: Scr. Metall.15, 913 (1981)
Th. von Waldkirch, R. Wessiken, H.-U. Nissen, L. Schlapbach: 3rd Intern. Cong. on Hydrogen and Materials, Paris (1982) C9
D. Kathamian, F.D. Manchester, G.C. Weatherly, C.B. Alcock: InElectronic Structure and Properties of Hydrogen in Metals, ed. by P. Jena, C.B. Satterthwaite (Plenum Press, New York 1983) p. 373
D. Kathamian, G.C. Weatherly, F.D. Manchester, C.B. Alcock: J. Less-Common Met.89, 71 (1983)
H. Züchner, U. Bilitewski, G. Kirch: J. Less-Common Met. (submitted)
E. Hamer: Forschungsbericht aus der Wehrtechnik, BMVg-FBWT-80-6, F. R. Germany (1980)
E. Hamer, W. Gerhard, C. Plog, R. Kaufmann: Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.308, 287 (1981)
P.S. Rudman: J. Less-Common Met.89, 93 (1983)
T. Matsumoto, M. Amano, Y. Sasaki: J. Less-Common Met.88, 443 (1982)
T. Mizuno, T. Morozumi: J. Less-Common Met.84, 237 (1982)
M. Amano, Y. Sasaki, R. Watanabe, M. Shibata: J. Less-Common Met.89, 513 (1983)
A. Seiler, F. Stucki, P. Charpié: Solid State Commun.42, 337 (1982)
M. Polak, M. Hefetz, M.H. Mintz, M.P. Dariel: Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf. IV, Pasadena, CA (Pergamon Press, New York 1982)
M. Polak, M. Hefetz, M.H. Mintz, M.P. Dariel: Surf. Sci.126, 739 (1983)
T.E. Felter, S.A. Stewart, F.S. Uribe: Surf. Sci,122, 69 (1982)
G. Sicking, B. Jungblut: Surf. Sci.127, 255 (1983)
M.E. Malinowski: J. Vac. Sci. Technol.15, 39 (1978)
L.I. Johansson, A.L. Hagström, B.E. Jacobson, S.B. Hagström: J. Electron Spectrosc.10, 259 (1977)
A.S. Pederson, P.J. Møller, O.T. Sørensen: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.87, 104 (1983)
J.-Y. Lee, C.N. Park, S.M. Pyun: J. Less-Common Met.89, 163 (1983)
C.R. Brundle, T.J. Chuang, K. Wandelt: Surf. Sci.68, 459 (1977)
C.N. Sayers, N.R. Armstrong: Surf. Sci.77, 301 (1978)
T.K. Sham, M.S. Lazarus: Chem. Phys. Lett.68, 426 (1979)
J.H. Scofield: J. Electron. Spectrosc.8, 129 (1976)
M. Oku, K. Hirokawa: J. Appl. Phys.50, 6303 (1979)
R.K. Quinn, N.R. Armstrong: J. Electrochem. Soc.125, 1790 (1978)
B.C. Lamartine, T.W. Haas, J.S. Solmon: Appl. Surf. Sci.4, 537 (1980)
S. Thomas: Surf. Sci.55, 754 (1976)
D.A. King, D.P. Woodruff (eds.):The Chemical Physics of Solid Surfaces and Heterogeneous Catalysis 4 (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1982)
V.E. Henrich: Prog. Surf. Sci.9, ed. by S.G. Davison (Pergamon Press, New York 1979) p. 143
R. Burch: Chem. Phys. of Solids and Their Surfaces8 (Royal Soc. of Chem., London 1980) p. 1
CM. Varma, A.J. Wilson: Phys. Rev. B22, 3795 (1980)
F. Boszo, G. Ertl, M. Grunze, M. Weiss: Appl. Surf. Sci.1, 103 (1977)
J.C. Cavalier, E. Chornet: Surf. Sci.60, 125 (1976)
M. Boudart: Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng.23, 1 (1981)
G. Ertl, M. Huber, S.B. Lee, Z. Paal, M. Weiss: Appl. Surf. Sci.8, 373 (1981)
N.D. Spencer, R.C. Schoonmaker, C.A. Somorjai: J. Catalysis74, 129 (1982)
P. Cremaschi, J.L. Witten: Phys. Rev. Lett.46, 1242 (1981)
R.D. Shannon: J. Appl. Phys.35, 3414 (1964)
E. Serwicka, R.N. Schindler, R. Schumacher: Ber. Bunsenges. phys. Chemie85, 192 (1981)
M.L. Knotek: Surf. Sci.91, L17 (1980)
W.J. Lo, Y.W. Chung, G.A. Somorjai: Surf. Sci.71, 199 (1978)
J.C. Conesa, J. Sorla: J. Phys. Chem.86, 1392 (1982)
T.M. Apple, P. Gajardo, C. Dybowski: J. Catalysis68, 103 (1981)
J.H. Weaver, D.T. Peterson: Phys. Rev. B22, 3624 (1980)
M. Gupta: Phys. Lett.88A, 469 (1982)
J.B. Bates, J.C. Wang, R.A. Perkins: Phys. Rev. B19, 4130 (1979)
O.W. Johnson, S.H. Paek, J.W. DeFord: J. Appl. Phys.46, 1026 (1975)
V.E. Henrich, R.L. Kurtz: Phys. Rev. B23, 6280 (1981)
J. Schefer, P. Fischer, L. Schlapbach, J.J. Reilly: AF-SSP-118, Progress Rep. on Neutron Diffraction (Inst. for Reactortech., CH-5303 Würenlingen 1982) p. 55
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
To Prof. G. Busch, who initiated metal hydride research at ETH, on the occasion of his 75th birthday