Summary
-
1.
Macrocilia on the lips of the ctenophoreBeroë are usually quiescent, but can be activated to beat rapidly and continuously by various stimuli.
-
2.
During feeding, macrocilia beat actively and serve to spread the lips ofBeroë over its prey.
-
3.
Vigorous, repetitive mechanical stimulation of the lips evokes widespread activation of macrocilia via a pathway that is probably neural.
-
4.
Extracellular electrical stimulation (DC or bipolar pulse-trains) elicits immediate activation of macrocilia on lip pieces, but not on dissociated cells.
-
5.
Macrocilia on lip pieces are activated to beat by high KCl artificial sea water (ASW), but not by high KCl Ca-free ASW. Continuous beating for long periods is also elicited by high Ca ASW or Mg-free ASW, but not by Ca-Mg-free ASW. Addition of La, Cd, Co or Mn (10 mM) to high KCl ASW reversibly blocks activation. Verapamil, D-600, nifedipine, or BAY K 8644 (10 μM) has no effect on KCl-induced activation, but the anticalmodulin drug W-7 (10 μM) reversibly inhibits beating.
-
6.
Mild heat treatment dissociates macrociliary cells from lip tissue. Such isolated macrociliary cells usually beat continuously in normal sea water, and swim in circular paths. Ca-free ASW, or addition of Co or Mn to ASW, inhibits beating of dissociated cells. High KCl ASW activates beating of quiescent, isolated macrociliary cells.
-
7.
Ca-Mg-free ASW inhibits beating of dissociated macrociliary cells, and return to Mg-free ASW activates motility, allowing one to activate macrocilia on isolated cells simply by addition of Ca.
-
8.
These results indicate that sensory stimuli associated with feeding may excite the pharyngeal nerve net, thereby depolarizing macrociliary cells and opening voltage-sensitive Ca channels which mediate a Ca influx responsible for activation of beating.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bonini NM, Gustin MC, Nelson DL (1986) Regulation of ciliary motility by membrane potential inParamecium: a role for cyclic AMP. Cell Motil 6:256–272
Brokaw CJ (1984) Cyclic AMP-dependent activation of sea urchin and tunicate sperm motility. Ann NY Acad Sci 438:132–141
Brokaw CJ, Nagayama SM (1985) Modulation of the asymmetry of sea urchin sperm flagellar by calmodulin. J Cell Biol 100:1875–1883
Eckert R, Murakami A (1972) Calcium dependence of ciliary activity in the oviduct of the salamanderNecturus. J Physiol 226:699–711
Franc J-M (1970) Evolutions et interactions tissulaires au cours de la régeneration des lèvres deBeroë ovata (Chamisso et Eysenhardt), ctenaire nudictenide. Cah Biol Mar 11:57–76
Hasegawa E, Hayashi H, Asakura S, Kamiya R (1987) Stimulation of in vitro motility ofChlamydomonas axonemes by inhibition of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. Cell Mot Cytoskel 8:302–311
Hennessey TM, Kung C (1984) An anticalmodulin drug, W-7, inhibits the voltage-dependent calcium current inParamecium caudatum. J Exp Biol 110:169–181
Horridge GA (1965) Macrocilia with numerous shafts from the lips of the ctenophoreBeroë. Proc R Soc Lond B 162:351–364
Ishiguro K, Murofushi H, Sakai H (1982) Evidence that cAMP-dependent protein kinase and a protein factor are involved in reactivation of Triton X-100 models of sea urchin and starfish spermatozoa. J Cell Biol 92:777–782
Izumi A, Nakaoka Y (1987) cAMP-mediated inhibitory effect of calmodulin antagonists on ciliary reversal ofParamecium. Cell Motil 7:154–159
Kung C, Saimi Y (1985) Ca2+ channels ofParamecium: a multidisciplinary study. Curr Topics Membr Transport 23:45–66
Lee WI, Verdugo P, Schurr JM, Blandau RJ (1976) Control of oviductal ciliary activity. Effect of extracellular (Ca++). Biophys J 16:120a
Lindemann CB (1978) A cAMP-induced increase in the motility of demembranated bull sperm models. Cell 13:9–18
Malanga CJ, Poll KA (1979) Effects of the cilioexcitatory neurohumors dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine on cyclic AMP levels in the gill of the musselMytilus edulis. Life Sci 25:365–374
Morisawa M, Hayashi H (1985) Phosphorylation of a 15K axonemal protein is the trigger initiating trout sperm motility. Biomed Res 6:181–184
Morisawa M, Okuno M (1982) Cyclic AMP induces maturation of trout sperm axoneme to initiate motility. Nature 295:703–704
Moss AG, Tamm SL (1986) Electrophysiological control of ciliary motor responses in the ctenophorePleurobrachia J Comp Physiol A 158:311–330
Moss AG, Tamm SL (1987) A calcium regenerative potential controlling ciliary reversal is propagated along the length of ctenophore comb plates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:6476–6480
Murakami A (1983) Control of ciliary beat frequency inMytilus. J Submicrosc Cytol 15:313–316
Murakami A (1987a) Control of ciliary beat frequency in the gill ofMytilus. I. Activation of the lateral cilia by cyclic AMP. Comp Biochem Physiol 86C:273–279
Murakami A (1987b) Control of ciliary frequency in the gill ofMytilus. II. Effects of saponin and Brij-58 on the lateral cilia. Comp Biochem Physiol 86C:281–287
Murakami A, Eckert R (1972) Cilia: activation coupled to mechanical stimulation by calcium influx. Science 175:1375–1377
Murakami A, Machemer H (1982) Mechanoreception in the lateral cells ofMytilus. J Comp Physiol 145:351–362
Murofushi H, Ishiguro K, Takahashi D, Ikeda J, Sakai H (1986) Regulation of sperm flagellar movement by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Cell Motil 6:83–88
Naitoh Y, Eckert R (1974) The control of ciliary activity in Protozoa. In: Sleigh MA (ed) Cilia and flagella. Academic Press, New York, pp 305–352
Nakamura S, Tamm SL (1985) Calcium control of ciliary reversal in ionophore-treated and ATP-reactivated comb plates of ctenophores. J Cell Biol 100:1447–1454
Opresko LK, Brokaw CJ (1983) cAMP-dependent phosphorylation associated with activation of motility ofCiona sperm flagella. Gamete Res 8:201–218
Otter T, Satir B, Satir P (1984) Trifluoperazine-induced changes in swimming behavior ofParamecium: evidence for two sites of drug action. Cell Motil 4:249–267
Reed W, Lebduska S, Satir P (1982) Effects of trifluoperazine upon the calcium dependent ciliary arrest response of fresh-water mussel gill lateral cells. Cell Motil 2:405–427
Saimi Y, Murakami A, Takahashi K (1983a) Electrophysiological correlates of nervous control of ciliary arrest response in the gill epithelial cells ofMytilus. Comp Biochem Physiol 74A:499–506
Saimi Y, Murakami A, Takahashi K (1983b) Ciliary and electrical responses to intracellular current injection in the ciliated epithelium of the gill ofMytilus. Comp Biochem Physiol 74A:507–511
Sanderson MJ, Dirksen ER (1986) Mechanosensitivity of cultured ciliated cells from mammalian respiratory tract: implications for the regulation of mucociliary transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7302–7306
Sanderson MJ, Dirksen ER, Satir P (1985) The antagonistic effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and methylxanthine on the gill cilia ofMytilus edulis. Cell Motil 5:293–309
Satir P (1985) Switching mechanisms in the control of ciliary motility. Mod Cell Biol 4:1–46
Segal RA, Luck DJ (1985) Phosphorylation in isolatedChlamydomonas axonemes: a phosphoprotein may mediate the Cadependent photophobic response. J Cell Biol 101:1702–1712
Stephens RE, Stommel EW (1988) The role of cAMP in ciliary and flagellar motility. In: Warner FD (ed) Cell movement, vol 1. The dynein ATPase. Alan R Liss, New York
Stommel EW (1984a Calcium regenerative potentials inMytilus edulis gill abfrontal ciliated epithelial cells. J Comp Physiol A 155:445–456
Stommel EW (1984b) Calcium activation of mussel gill abfrontal cilia. J Comp Physiol A 155:457–469
Stommel EW (1986) Mechanical stimulation activates beating in calcium-arrested lateral cilia ofMytilus edulis gill. J Musc Res Cell Motil 7:237–244
Stommel EW, Stephens RE (1985) Cyclic AMP and calcium in the differential control ofMytilus gill cilia. J Comp Physiol A 157:451–459
Stommel EW, Stephens RE, Measure HR, Head JF (1982) Specific localization of scallop gill epithelial calmodulin in cilia. J Cell Biol 92:622–628
Swanberg N (1974) The feeding behavior ofBeroë ovataMar Biol 24:69–76
Tamm S, Tamm SL (1988) Development of macrociliary cells inBeroë. II. Formation of macrocilia. J Cell Sci 89:81–95
Tamm SL (1982) Ctenophora. In: Shelton GAB (ed) Electrical conduction and behaviour in ‘simple’ invertebrates. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, pp 266–358
Tamm SL (1983) Motility and mechanosensitivity of macrocilia in the ctenophoreBeroë. Nature 305:430–433
Tamm SL (1987) Calcium activation and location of calcium entry sites in macrocilia ofBeroë. J Cell Biol 105:95a
Tamm SL, Tamm S (1984) Alternate patterns of doublet microtubule sliding in ATP-disintegrated macrocilia of the ctenophoreBeroë. J Cell Biol 99:1364–1371
Tamm SL, Tamm S (1985) Visualization of changes in ciliary tip configuration caused by sliding displacement of microtubules in macrocilia of the ctenophoreBeroë. J Cell Sci 79:161–179
Tash JS, Means AR (1982) Regulation of protein phosphorylation and motility of sperm by cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium. Biol Reprod 26:745–763
Tash JS, Kakar SS, Means AR (1984) Flagellar motility requires the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of a heat-stable NP-40-soluble 56 kd protein, axokinin. Cell 38:551–559
Tash JS, Hidaka H, Means AR (1986) Axokinin phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is sufficient for activation of sperm flagellar motility. J Cell Biol 103:649–655
Verdugo P, Rumery RE, Lee WI (1977) Calcium-induced activation of ciliary activity in mammalian ciliated cells. J Cell Biol 75:293a
Verdugo P, Raes BV, Villalon M (1983) Calcium-dependent activation of ciliary movement: effect of calmodulin. Biophys J 41:83a
Yeung CH (1984) Effects of cyclic AMP on the motility of mature and immature hamster epididymal spermatozoa studied by reactivation of demembranated cells. Gamete Res 9:99–114
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tamm, S.L. Calcium activation of macrocilia in the ctenophoreBeroë . J. Comp. Physiol. 163, 23–31 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00611993
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00611993