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Echinodermata

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Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6

Abstract

Echinoderms are a phylum of invertebrate deuterostomes that are morphologically characterized by a fivefold (pentameric) symmetric adult body plan. There are five extant subtaxa, Crinoidea (e.g., sea lilies and feather stars), Asteroidea (e.g., sea stars), Ophiuroidea (e.g., brittle stars), Echinoidea (e.g., sea urchins), and Holothuroidea (e.g., sea cucumbers) (Fig. 1.1). Studies of morphology and molecules demonstrate the existence of two higher-order subphylum clades: Pelmatozoa (Crinoidea) and Eleutherozoa (the remaining classes). Echinodermata together with Hemichordata form the clade Ambulacraria (to which some authors add the enigmatic Xenacoelomorpha group). This grouping is the sister to the Chordata.

Chapter vignette artwork by Brigitte Baldrian.© Brigitte Baldrian and Andreas Wanninger.

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Acknowledgments

The authors of this chapter would like to acknowledge the invaluable collaboration of different people that helped us to revise the text and clarify our ideas. All took their time and sent us extensive comments on many aspects of the chapter. We would like to acknowledge, specially, the help offered by Andrew Cameron (CalTech), Chris Mah (Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History), Valerie Morris (University of Sydney), Rich Mooi (California Academy of Sciences), Claus Nielsen (University Copenhagen), and Samuel Zamora (Universidad Zaragoza).

Also we want to express our gratitude to those that shared with us some of the pictures that are included in this chapter, in particular Koji Akasaka (School of Science, University of Tokyo), Peter Bryant (UC Irvine), Anna Czarkwiani (UC London), Paula Cisternas (University Sydney), David Dylus (UC London), Christian Gache (Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer), Veronica Hinman (Carnegie Mellon University), Hisanori Kohtsuka (Misaki Marine Biological Station, University of Tokyo), David McClay (Duke University), Hiroaki Nakano (Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba), Paola Oliveri (UC London), and Mattias Ormestad (SciLifeLab). Our special thanks to Santiago Valero-Medranda for the effort in preparing the many diagrams of larvae that are included in this chapter. Valerie Morris is acknowledged for providing Fig. 1.17.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, 80121, Italy

    Maria Ina Arnone

  2. Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Maria Byrne

  3. Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain

    Pedro Martinez

  4. ICREA (Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats), Barcelona, Spain

    Pedro Martinez

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  1. Maria Ina Arnone
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  1. Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna Faculty of Life Sciences, Wien, Austria

    Andreas Wanninger

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Arnone, M.I., Byrne, M., Martinez, P. (2015). Echinodermata. In: Wanninger, A. (eds) Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1856-6_1

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