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Sociological analysis and comparative education

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Abstract

It is argued that comparative education is essentially a derivative field of study, in that it borrows theories and methods from academic disciplines. After a brief humanistic phase, in which history and philosophy were central for comparative education, sociology became an important source. In the mid-50's and 60's, sociology in the United States was characterised by Structural Functionalism as a theory, and Social Survey as a dominant methodology. Both were incorporated into the development of comparative education.

Increasingly in the 70's, and certainly today, the new developments in sociology are characterised by an attack on Positivism, which is seen as the philosophical position underlying both functionalism and survey methods. New or re-discovered theories with their attendant methodologies included Marxism, Phenomenological Sociology, Critical Theory, and Historical Social Science. The current relationship between comparative education and social science is one of uncertainty, but since social science is seen to be returning to its European roots, the hope is held out for the development of an integrated social theory and method which will provide a much stronger basis for developments in comparative education.

Résumé

On prétend que l'éducation comparée est essentiellement un champ d'étude dérivé en ce qu'elle emprunte des théories et des méthodes de disciplines académiques. Après une brève phase humaniste, où l'histoire et la philosophie ont occupé une place primordiale dans l'éducation comparée, la sociologie est devenue une source importante. En mi- 50 et les années 60 la sociologie s'est caractérisée, aux Etats-Unis, par la théorie du Fonctionalisme Structurel et par la méthodologie dominante de l'Enquête Sociale, qui furent toutes deux incorporées dans le développement de l'éducation comparée.

Les nouveaux développements de la sociologie ont été caractérisés de façon croissante dans les années 70, et le sont certainement encore aujourd'hui, par une attaque contre le Positivisme regardé comme la position philosophique sous-jacente au fonctionalisme ainsi qu'aux méthodes d'enquête. De nouvelles théories, ou des théories redécouvertes, avec les méthodologies qui les accompagnaient, ont inclu le Marxisme, la Sociologie Phénoménologique, la Théorie Critique et la Science Sociale Historique. Les relations actuelles entre l'éducation comparée et les sciences sociales demeurent incertaines mais puisque les sciences sociales retournent visiblement à leurs racines européennes, on peut espérer que l'évolution d'une théorie et d'une méthode sociales intégrées fourniront une base plus solide pour un développement ultérieur de l'éducation comparée.

Zusammenfassung

In diesem Artikel wird ausgeführt, daß die Vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaft im wesentlichen ein derivates Studienfeld darstellt, weil sie Theorien und Methoden anderen akademischen Fachgebieten entleiht. Nach einer kurzen humanistischen Phase, während deren Geschichte und Philosophie im Mittelpunkt der Vergleichenden Erziehungswissenschaft standen, wurde die Soziologie zu einer bedeutenden Quelle. Mitte der 50er und in den 60er Jahren kennzeichneten struktureller Funktionalismus als Theorie und soziologische Untersuchung als vorherrschende Methodologie die Soziologie in den Vereinigten Staaten. Beide gingen in die Entwicklung der Vergleichenden Erziehungswissenschaft ein.

In wachsendem Masse in den 70er Jahren, und ganz gewiß heute, sind die neuen Entwicklungen von einem Angriff auf den Positivismus geprägt, der als die sowohl dem Funktionalismus als auch den Untersuchungsmethoden zugrundeliegende philosophische Position angesehen wird. Neue oder wiederentdeckte Theorien mit ihren zugehörigen Methodologien schlossen den Marxismus, phänomenologische Soziologie, die Kritik-Theorie sowie die historische Sozialwissenschaft ein. Das gegenwärtige Verhältnis der Vergleichenden Erziehungswissenschaft zur Sozialwissenschaft beruht auf Ungewißheit. Da aber die Sozialwissenschaft offenbar zu ihren europäischen Wurzeln zurückkehrt, besteht die Hoffnung, daß die Entwicklung einer integrierten Sozialtheorie und -methodik eine stärkere Grundlage für Entwicklungen in der Vergleichenden Erziehungswissenschaft bieten wird.

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Woock, R.R. Sociological analysis and comparative education. Int Rev Educ 27, 411–425 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598139

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