Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Direct studies of dikaryotization in Schizophyllum commune

I. Live inter-cellular nuclear migration patterns

  • Published:
Archives of Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Compatible matings of Schizophyllum commune were performed on glucose-peptone-yeast extract medium appended with gelatin (18%) and studied by phase contrast microscopy during nuclear migration. Three categories of nuclear migration were observed. Type I involved a pulsatile jerking of the entire cytoplasmic contents of the hypha, changed direction periodically, and, during periods of cytoplasmic tranquility, the nucleus continued to migrate. Type II A migration of nucleic occurred in the absence of visible cytoplasmic flow. Bothe Type I and Type II A nuclear movements exceeded the hyphal growth rate by 10–20-fold. Type II B nuclear migration also occurred in the absence of visible cytoplasmic flow and the velocity was within the range of the hyphal growth rate. No specific organelles that were detected either directed or facilitated Type II A or Type II B nuclear movements. The nucleolus could either lead or trail relative to the direction of nuclear movement. Nuclear migration can be attributed to both cytoplasmic flow and self motility, depending upon the particular regions of the migration hypha in which it occurs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahmad, S. S., Miles, P. G.: Hyphal fusions in the wood-rotting fungus Schizophyllum commune. 1. The effects of incompatibility factors. Genet. Res. 15, 19–28 (1970a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, S. S., Miles, P. G.: Hyphal fusions in the wood-rotting fungus Schizophyllum commune. 2. Effects of environmental and chemical factors. Mycologia 62, 1008–1017 (1970b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bistis, G. N.: Dikaryotization in Clitocybe truncicola. Mycologia 62, 911–924 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracker, C. E., Jr., Butler, E. E.: Function of the septal pore apparatus in Rhizoctonia solani during protoplasmic streaming. J. Cell. Biol. 21, 152–157 (1964)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buller, A. H. R.: Researches on fungi, Vol. IV. London: Longmans and Green 1931

    Google Scholar 

  • Casselton, L. A.: Dikaryon formation in higher Basidiomycetes. In: The Filamentous Fungi, Developmental Mycology (J. E. Smith and D. R. Berry, eds.), Vol. 3, pp. 275–297. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Casselton, L. A., Condit, A.: A mitochondrial mutant of Coprinus lagopus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 72, 521–527 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowding, E. S.: Nuclear streaming in Gelasinospora. Can. J. Microbiol. 4, 295–301 (1958)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowding, E. S.: Bakerspigel, A.: The migrating nucleus. Can. J. Microbiol. 1, 68–78 (1954)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowding, E. S., Buller, A. H. R.: Nuclear migration in Gelasinospora. Mycologia 32, 471–488 (1940)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulton, I.: Unilateral nuclear migration and the interaction of haploid mycelia in the fungus Cyathus stercoreus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 36, 306–312 (1950)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giesy, R. M., Day, P. R.: The septal pores of Coprinus lagopus (Fr.) senus Buller in relation to nuclear migration. Amer. J. Bot. 52, 287–294 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Girbardt, M.: Ultrastructure and dynamics of the moving nucleus. In: Aspects of Cell Motility, XXII nd Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol, pp. 249–259. New York: Cambridge University Press 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Gull, K.: Cytoplasmic microfilament organization in two Basidiomycete fungi. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 50, 226–232 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Janszen, F. H. A., Wessels, J. G. H.: Enzymic dissolution of hyphal septa in a Basidiomycete. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 7. Microbiol. Gerol. 36, 255–257 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jersild, R., Mishkin, S., Niederpruem, D. J.: Origin and ultrastructure of complex septa in Schizophyllum commune development. Arch. Mikrobiol. 57, 20–32 (1967)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, R. F. O.: A new interpretation of unilateral nuclear migration in fungi with special reference to Podospora anserina. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 66, 1–5 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, K.: Diploidisation in the Hymenomycetes. I. Preliminary experiments. J. Okayama Univ. 1, 226–233 (1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koltin, Y., Flexer, A. S.: Alteration of nuclear migration in B-mutant strains of Schizophyllum commune. J. Cell Sci. 4, 739–749 (1969)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, V. I.: Das Bewegungsverhalten der Kerne in fusionierten Zellen von Polystictus versicolor (L.) Flora 158, 487–497 (1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, J. V., Ellingboe, A. H.: The kinetics of initial nuclear exchange in compatible and noncompatible matings of Schizophyllum commune. Amer. J. Bot. 57, 19–23 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehfeldt, W.: Über die Entstehung des Paarkernmycels bei heterothallischen Basidiomyceten. Hedwigia 64, 30–51 (1923)

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, R., Wessels, J. G. H.: An ultrastructural study of septal dissolution in Schizophyllum commune. Arch. Microbiol. 96, 175–182 (1974)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayfield, J. E.: Septal involvement in nuclear migration in Schizophyllum commune. Arch. Microbiol. 95, 115–124 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeen, W. E.: Nuclear movement in Erysiphe graminis hordei. Can. J. Microbiol. 18, 1333–1336 (1972)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakai, Y., Ushiyama, R.: Fine structure of shiitake, Lentinus edodes. VI. Cytoplasmic microtubules in relation to nuclear migration. Can. J. Bot. 56, 1206–1211 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • Niederpruem, D. J.: Direct studies of nuclear movements in Schizophyllum commune. Arch. Microbiol. 64, 387–395 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Niederpruem, D. J.: Kinetic studies of septum synthesis, erosion and nuclear migration in a growing B-mutant of Schizophyllum commune. Arch. Mikrobiol. 75, 189–196 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Niederpruem, D. J.: Morphogenetic processes in Schizophyllum and Coprinus. In: Genetics and Morphogenesis in the Basidiomycetes (M. Schwalb and P. G. Miles, eds.), pp. 105–134. New York: Academic Press, Inc. 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Niederpruem, D. J., Jersild, R. A.: Nuclear behavior in multinucleate Schizophyllum commune germlings. Arch. Mikrobiol. 61, 223–231 (1968)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niederpruem, D. J., Jersild, R. A.: Cellular aspects of morphogenesis in the mushroom Schizophyllum commune. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1, 545–576 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Niederpruem, D. J., Jersild, R. A., Lane, P. L.: Direct microscopic studies of clamp connection formation in growing hyphae of Schizophyllum commune. I. The dikaryon. Arch. Mikrobiol. 78, 268–280 (1971a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Niederpruem, D. J., Jersild, R. A., Lane, P. L.: Direct microscopic studies of clamp connection formation in growing hyphae of Schizophyllum commune. II. The A-mutant homokaryon and pseudo-clamp connections. Arch. Mikrobiol. 80, 19–31 (1971b)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nobel, M.: The morphology and cytology of Typhula trifolii Rostr. Ann. Bot. 1, 67–98 (1937)

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, J. H., Raper, J. R.: Morphogenesis in Schizophyllum commune. III. A mutation that blocks inititation of fruiting. Mol. Gen. Genet. 106, 151–154 (1970)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prévost, G.: Étude génétique d'un Basidiomycete: Coprinus radiatus Fr. ex Bolt. Thèse, Université de Paris (1962)

  • Raper, J. R.: Genetics of sexuality of higher fungi. New York. The Ronald Press Co. 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • Raudaskoski, M.: Occurrence of microtubules and microfilaments, and origin of septa in dikaryotic hyphae of Schizophyllum commune. Protoplasma 70, 415–422 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Raudaskoski, M.: Occurrence of microtubules in the hyphae of Schizophyllum commune during intercellular nuclear migration. Arch. Mikrobiol. 86, 91–100 (1972)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raudaskoski, M.: Light and electron microscopy study of unilateral mating between a secondary mutant and a wild-type strain of Schizophyllum commune. Protoplasma 76, 35–48 (1973)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raudaskoski, M., Koltin, Y.: Ultrastructural aspects of a mutant of Schizophyllum commune with continuous nuclear migration. J. Bacteriol. 116, 981–988 (1973)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, I. K.: Nuclear migration rates in Coprinus congregatus: a new record? Mycologia 68, 418–422 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sicari, L. M., Ellingboe, A. H.: Microscopical observations of initial interactions in various matings of Schizophyllum commune and of Coprinus lagopus. Amer. J. Bot. 54, 437–439 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smythe, R.: Hyphal fusions in the Basidiomycete Coprinus lagopus sensu Buller. I. Some effects of incompatibility factors. Heredity 31, 107–111 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Snider, P. J.: Genetic evidence for nuclear migration in Basidiomycetes. Genetics 48, 47–54 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Snider, P. J.: Incompatibility and nuclear migration. In: Symposium on incompatibility in Fungi (K. Esser and J. R. Raper, eds.), pp. 54–70. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1966

    Google Scholar 

  • Snider, P. J.: Nuclear movements in Schizophyllum. In: Aspects of Cell Motility, XXII nd. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., pp. 261–283. New York. Cambridge University Press 1968

    Google Scholar 

  • Snider, P. J., Raper, J. R.: Nuclear migration in the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Am. J. Bot. 45, 538–546 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundberg, W. J.: Hymenial cytodifferentiation in Basidiomycetes. In: The Filamentous Fungi, Developmental Mycology (J. E. Smith and D. R. Berry, eds.), Vol. 3, pp. 298–314. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Swiezynski, D. M., Day, P. R.: Migration of nuclei in Coprinus lagopus. Genet. Res. Camb. 1, 129–139 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Watrud, L. S., Ellingboe, A. H.: Use of cobalt as a mitochondrial vital stain to study cytoplasmic exchange in matings of the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. J. Bacteriol. 115, 1151–1158 (1973)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wessels, J. G. H.: Biochemistry of sexual morphogensis in Schizophyllum commune: effect of mutations affecting the incompatibility system on cell wall metabolism. J. Bacteriol. 98, 697–704 (1969)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wessels, J. G. H., Koltin, Y.: R-glucanase activity and susceptibility of hyphal walls to degradation in mutants of Schizophyllum commune with disrupted nuclear migration. J. Gen. Microbiol. 71, 471–475 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wessels, J. G. H., Niederpruem, D. J.: Role of a cell wall glucandegrading enzyme in mating of Schizophyllum commune. J. Bacteriol. 94, 1594–1602 (1967)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, C. L. Aist, J. R.: Motility of fungal nuclei. Phytopathology 57, 769–771 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University Medical Center, 46223, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

    Donald J. Niederpruem

Authors
  1. Donald J. Niederpruem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Niederpruem, D.J. Direct studies of dikaryotization in Schizophyllum commune . Arch. Microbiol. 128, 162–171 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00406154

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00406154

Key words

Search

Navigation